. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems. A skate ray near the Napoli mud volcano in the deep Mediterranean. for taking the value of ecosystem goods and services into account in decision-making processes. Obviously, this is a challenge for most ecosystems, but because of its characteristics, the deep sea provides a potentially highly fertile area for developing and testing alternative methods of value articulation and their potential to support decision mak
. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems. A skate ray near the Napoli mud volcano in the deep Mediterranean. for taking the value of ecosystem goods and services into account in decision-making processes. Obviously, this is a challenge for most ecosystems, but because of its characteristics, the deep sea provides a potentially highly fertile area for developing and testing alternative methods of value articulation and their potential to support decision making for governance and sustainable management. To value ecosystems and their goods and service, one reguires knowledge about ecosystems, their structure, function, global and regional importance, rarity, sensitivity (resistance and resilience], ecological significance, spatial and temporal distribution of impacts, and status of health, decline or recovery. Hence, the importance of developing simultaneously and cooperatively our knowledge of ecosystems, their goods and services and the corresponding values to human well-being. This further highlights the need for interdisciplinary natural and social science research. The latter should consist in an integrated socio-economic research effort to improve understanding of the social, cultural, economic and political aspects of the deep sea, including the relevant actors and institutions (for example, Spurgeon, 2006]. As expressed by the 'no knowledge' cells in Table , relations between deep-sea ecosystems and the provision of goods and services need more systematic research. While evidence exists of the substantial contribution of deep-sea ecosystems and biodiversity to human livelihood and well- being, more research should allow better estimates of the costs imposed to society and the environment associated with the unsustainable use of deep-sea resources. More research is also needed on both monetary and non-monetary valuation t
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