. The life of the Greeks and Romans. egan to be replaced by iron ones, whichlatter metal is more liable to destruction by rust. 568 SOLDIERS ARMOUR. We first turn to the weapons of defence. The Roman helmet(cassis, galea) differs from the Greek by the absence of a simplest form, specified by two helmets found in Etruscangraves (Fig. 509, c, d), resembles the pileus, and at the same timereminds one of the steel cap worn by common soldiers in theMiddle Ages. A more developed form of the helmet is shown,Fig. 509, f, from an original in the Museo Borbonico. To the lowsemi-globular cap a
. The life of the Greeks and Romans. egan to be replaced by iron ones, whichlatter metal is more liable to destruction by rust. 568 SOLDIERS ARMOUR. We first turn to the weapons of defence. The Roman helmet(cassis, galea) differs from the Greek by the absence of a simplest form, specified by two helmets found in Etruscangraves (Fig. 509, c, d), resembles the pileus, and at the same timereminds one of the steel cap worn by common soldiers in theMiddle Ages. A more developed form of the helmet is shown,Fig. 509, f, from an original in the Museo Borbonico. To the lowsemi-globular cap a stripe of metal has been added, surroundingthe head on all sides, and considerably enlarged at the back so asto protect the neck. It covers the forehead to about the (hucculae) are added. The top of the common soldiershelmet consists of a simple button (see Fig. 509, e, from the arch ofSeverus) ; sometimes it is adorned with a short plume : a helmet ofthe latter kind is worn by almost all the soldiers on the arch of. a be d e Fig. 509. Constantine. The helmet of centurions and higher officers areadorned with three feathers, or with a crest of horsehair (crista,mid), which was taken off on the march, but put on again in thebattle, so as to distinguish the leaders in the fight (see the two hel-mets, Fig. 509, a, h, from the arch of Constantine, where they areworn by foot-soldiers and horsemen). The upper part of the bodywas protected by an iron cuirass, fashioned according to the linesof the muscles both in front and at the back, like the old GreekOwpaf; (jtcicios. Servius Tullius re-organized the Roman army ofcitizens after the pattern of the Greek phalanx, and adopted theiron helmet, the oval shield, and the cuirass of the hoplitai forthe two first ranks of the phalanx. At the later re-organization ofthe army the cuirass was dropped by the common soldiers, aridperhaps retained only by the leaders in exceptional cases. TheLatin name of the cuirass is unknown to
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