. A treatise on practical anatomy: for students of anatomy and surgery . inward,joining in the middle line to form the spine of the ver-tebra. Their upper and lower borders are rough, for theattachment of ligaments. The spinous process is formedby the fusion of the two laminae behind. In the dorsalregion the spines are directed obliquely downward; theirapices are not cleft, but are more or less tuberous; theupper border is sharp. In the lumbar region they arestrong and broad and are directed horizontally back-ward ; the upper and lower borders are sharp and theirextremities rough. In the cervi
. A treatise on practical anatomy: for students of anatomy and surgery . inward,joining in the middle line to form the spine of the ver-tebra. Their upper and lower borders are rough, for theattachment of ligaments. The spinous process is formedby the fusion of the two laminae behind. In the dorsalregion the spines are directed obliquely downward; theirapices are not cleft, but are more or less tuberous; theupper border is sharp. In the lumbar region they arestrong and broad and are directed horizontally back-ward ; the upper and lower borders are sharp and theirextremities rough. In the cervical region the apices ofthe spines are cleft, and, except the seventh cervical, butlittle developed. The spinous processes serve for theattachment of muscles. The transverse processes projecthorizontally outward, in the cervical region, from thejunction of the body and the pedicles; in the dorsal andlumbar regions, from the junction of the pedicles andlaminae. In the cervical region they are perforatedby the vertebral foramen, for the transmission of the THE SPINE. 85. FiQ. 33.—The VertebralColumn, or Spine. FiQ. 34.—Relation of the Vertebr.« toTHE Neck and Trunk. 86 PRACTICAL ANATOMY. vertebral artery; in the dorsal region their extremitiesanteriorly present an articulating surface, for articulationwith the tubercles of the ribs; in the lumbar regionthey are thin and sharp. The articular surfaces consistof two pairs,—the superior and inferior. They are situ-ated at the junction of the pedicles with the upper ones, in the cervical region, are directedupward, looking slightly backward; in the dorsal regiontheir faces are directed obliquely backward and upward,becoming, in the lower dorsal and lumbar region, nearlyvertical. The inferior pair, in the upper cervical verte-brae, look downward and forward, but in passing down MiilerifrTuhrelt hitimtTTulcTtU «/2Va»V .fr, f*Silt4rM> BmMtnttTurArdtidaT^neiU Fig. 35.—a CEEVicAii Verteb
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1890, booksubjectanatomy, bookyear1891
