. Bulletin. Ethnology. BULL. 30] STONEWORK 641. Piece of Jade, Showing Re- sults OF Saw- ing AND BREAK- hardest materials may readily be reduced to the desired shapes. Beginning with a bowlder or fragment of proximate shape or with a form roughed out by flaking, the primitive operator attacked the sur- face, crumbling the parts to be removed by rapid blows, and continued the work until the shape was so far perfected as to be ready for the grinding and polishing processes which followed. This pecking work is tlie prototype of the bush-ham- mering and the machine- chisel work of the civilized st
. Bulletin. Ethnology. BULL. 30] STONEWORK 641. Piece of Jade, Showing Re- sults OF Saw- ing AND BREAK- hardest materials may readily be reduced to the desired shapes. Beginning with a bowlder or fragment of proximate shape or with a form roughed out by flaking, the primitive operator attacked the sur- face, crumbling the parts to be removed by rapid blows, and continued the work until the shape was so far perfected as to be ready for the grinding and polishing processes which followed. This pecking work is tlie prototype of the bush-ham- mering and the machine- chisel work of the civilized stonecutter. The leading va- rieties of articles shaped in part or in whole by this process are celts, axes, adzes, gouges, mortars, pestles, va- rious culinary utensils, pipes, ornamental and cere- monial objects, and sculp- tures generally. See Pecking implemenis. Incising processes were much employed by the na- tive tribes. Knives, chisels, and other edged tools of stone served to carve all the softer varieties, the most universally available of these being soapstone or steatite (). Others are cannel coal, lignite, chalk, serpentine, and calcite. Chisels or edged stone picks were used in cutting out masses of soapstone in the quarry and in shap- ing tiie vessels and other large objects made from them. See Chiseh, Knives, Picks. Abrading and smoothing proc- esses were also of first importance to the tril)es in shaping and finishing articles of stone. These em- ployed the various grinding, sawing, drilling, and polish- ing tools. Drilling with pointed and tubular drills was constantly resorted to, as in the mak- ing of tobacco pipes and certain forms of ornaments and cere- monial objects. See .4 brading implements, Drills and Drilling, Polishing implements, Smrs, Scrapers. The following groups of products of the stone using and shaping arts are described under separate heads, viz: (1) Buildings: Pueblos (towns), cliff-dwellings, habita- tions, kivas, fortifications, tombs; (
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