The new international encyclopaedia . tion and return on the power of guns increased, recoil had tobe further controlled. Between 1870 and 1880various frictional devices were used. One ormore bands of iron fastened to chassis weregripped by plates on top carriages pressed tightlyon them. Tlie earliest hydraulic cylinders (about 1876)had pistons either pulled out or pushed in by re-coil, the oil flowing around the piston in the by a pinion working in a circular rack in thefoundation and operated by gearing. In barbette carriages the gun is generallymounted on trunnions directly in th
The new international encyclopaedia . tion and return on the power of guns increased, recoil had tobe further controlled. Between 1870 and 1880various frictional devices were used. One ormore bands of iron fastened to chassis weregripped by plates on top carriages pressed tightlyon them. Tlie earliest hydraulic cylinders (about 1876)had pistons either pulled out or pushed in by re-coil, the oil flowing around the piston in the by a pinion working in a circular rack in thefoundation and operated by gearing. In barbette carriages the gun is generallymounted on trunnions directly in the top car-riage, which slides to the rear (restrained bya hydraulic brake) on the chassis rails. Theseincline upward slightly, to make the gun run intobattery again. This type is mostly used in landforts for hea\-y guns. See illustration of S-inchBreech-loading Rifle on Plate of Co.\ST Artil-lery. The essential feature of carriages for usein casements or turrets is that the openingin the wall or armor necessarv for them to 1 ORDNANCE. U. S. ARMY DISAPPEARING CARRIAGE, MODEL 1895, FOR 12-INCH BREECH-LOADING RIFLEIBufflngton-Crozier Design).1. In firing position. 2. In loading position. ORDNANCE. 73 fire through with the desired horizontal andvertical angles of train sliall be as smallas possible. The former was provided for upto very recent time by placing the pintle orpoint of revolution at the front end of thecarriage, or even in the wall, and connected withthe carriage by a metal rod called the turrets, land or naval, it is customary to ro-tate the turret, gun and all, and thus eliminateall horizontal movement of the gun with respectto the opening or embrasure. To reduce the em-brasure vertically the gun is lifted or loweredby two hydraulic presses, or other power, themuzzle being stationary. The necessity for suchcarriages for land service has decreased with theabandonment of masonry forts, btit exists innaval mounts, whether in turrets or not, and inland turrets (
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