. Intensive farming and use of dynamite . powder and low powder (5per cent, strength). These calculations are based on retail, notwholesale prices. Records kept by A. J. McGuire, Superintendent of the North-east Experimental Farm of the University of Minnesota, showeven lower costs. Some of Mr. McGuires records are as follows: Average CostAverage of Explosives Diameter per Stump 255 Popple 14 12c 255 Jack Pine, Norway Pine and White Pine 14 1/3 18c395 Birch, Ash, Spruce, Pine, etc 20 16c 15 HANDBOOK OF EXPLOSIVES Mr. McGuire used 25 per cent, to 40 per cent, ammoniadynamite, and states that th


. Intensive farming and use of dynamite . powder and low powder (5per cent, strength). These calculations are based on retail, notwholesale prices. Records kept by A. J. McGuire, Superintendent of the North-east Experimental Farm of the University of Minnesota, showeven lower costs. Some of Mr. McGuires records are as follows: Average CostAverage of Explosives Diameter per Stump 255 Popple 14 12c 255 Jack Pine, Norway Pine and White Pine 14 1/3 18c395 Birch, Ash, Spruce, Pine, etc 20 16c 15 HANDBOOK OF EXPLOSIVES Mr. McGuire used 25 per cent, to 40 per cent, ammoniadynamite, and states that the best and most economical resuhs werehad with lb per cent, and 27 per cent, grades. The Iowa State College recently blasted eighty-two oak andelm stumps and trees averaging 20 inches in diameter, at an aver-age cost of about 38 cents each for explosives. On a large land clearing operation in Minnesota during thesummer of 1 909, eight thousand, nine hundred and seventy stumpswere blasted out. Although a considerable number of these were. WASHINGTON FIR STUMPS large pme stumps, an average of less than three-quarters of apound of dynamite per stump was used. Accurate records of the cost of blasting stumps on a LongIsland farm, mcluding the wages of the men who did the work, wererecently kept by representatives of the Long Island Railroad Com- 16 CLEARING THE LAND pany. The entire cost of blasting out and burning up one hundredstumps was only $16. Although one unaccustomed to using explosives might find thecosts running higher at the start than some of those given above,it does not require an unusual amount of experience to learn approxi-mately the minimum charge required to blast stumps. When cut-over land, which is covered with stumps andboulders, can be cleared, and turned into farms at a profit, it ishard to understand why anyone should let stumps or boulders takeup valuable land, plowing around them year after year. A lot oftime is wasted swinging around even a few stumps and


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