. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . itime commerce of the country was greatly encouraged by the scarcity which prevailed inEngland in 1315 and 1316, and which caused the king tohold out special inducements, and to grant advantageousprivileges to the merchants of Sicily, Spain, and Genoa,ihore was also a growing trade by sea with Venice, throughwhich great emporium England at that tiuie, and for manyyears afterwards, chieHy obtain
. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . itime commerce of the country was greatly encouraged by the scarcity which prevailed inEngland in 1315 and 1316, and which caused the king tohold out special inducements, and to grant advantageousprivileges to the merchants of Sicily, Spain, and Genoa,ihore was also a growing trade by sea with Venice, throughwhich great emporium England at that tiuie, and for manyyears afterwards, chieHy obtained her spices and other Oriental]n-oduce. Trade. THE NAVY. 63 13481 111 naval architecture several improvements were made at Navalabout this period. Two masts became common, and some tenure,process akin to the modern method of furhng sails wasadopted. Elevated stern-stages, or helldtoria, and fightingtops on the masts sprang into general use, and the rudderwas invented. Tlic stern-stage, or heUaforiuiii, which wasdestined to develop in the course of generations into thepoop, was, on account of its elevation, the position assignedto the commander. It therefore contained the principal. A .SEA FIGHT IMS. 10 E. iv.). banner or ensign, and tins, no doubt, is the reason why inall navies the national ensign still Hies at the stern of a shipand not in some more conspicuous position. Another hella-toTvum was sometimes erected forward, and there became theorigin of the raised forecastle. In the hdhdorid, were stationedthe pick of the fighting men, and the apparatus for dischargingGreek fire, stones, and other large missiles. The rudder ofthe early part of the fourteenth century did not materiallyditier from the rudder of to-day. It was of the same form;it was moved ly means of a tiller, and it was affixed bymeans of pintles and gudgeons; but although, upon itsinvention, its advantages over the rlavv, or steering paddle,must at once have been obvious, ver} few ships, and thoseonly o
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