. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 30 Y. MOGAMI ET AL. a T3 0 9 (rad) Figure 2. Typical examples of gravity-dependent orientation of Ni2 + immobilized Paramecium caudutiim. (a, h) Sequential images of gravity- dependent orientation of a cell in KCM (a) and of another in (h), in which recorded images are superimposed at l-s intervals and the time sequence of the motion is illustrated by cyclic change in tone (dark —» medium —> light). In each figure the anterior end of the cell is located to the right, and the gravit
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 30 Y. MOGAMI ET AL. a T3 0 9 (rad) Figure 2. Typical examples of gravity-dependent orientation of Ni2 + immobilized Paramecium caudutiim. (a, h) Sequential images of gravity- dependent orientation of a cell in KCM (a) and of another in (h), in which recorded images are superimposed at l-s intervals and the time sequence of the motion is illustrated by cyclic change in tone (dark —» medium —> light). In each figure the anterior end of the cell is located to the right, and the gravity vector is towards the bottom of the figure. Scale bar. mm. (c) Orientation rates (iltt/ilo as a function of the inclination angle (0). Data from the cells shown in a (KCM) and b (P-KCM) are plotted with open and closed circles, respectively. Sinusoidal curves were obtained by the least-squares fitting to Equation 11. respectively, and the maximum width was 135 ± JLUTI and 132 ± p,m, P = ; for plutei, axial length was 235 ± 19 (H = 26) and 240 ± 13 /am <;i = 18), P = , in ASW and P-ASW, respectively, and the maximum width was 175 ± 13 jam and 175 ± 12 juni, P = This may justify the common basis for drag coefficients in rota- tion in the different density media, as in Parumeciiim. The gravity-dependent orientation of immobilized larvae is shown in Figure 3a to d, which demonstrates the clear difference between gastrula and pluteus. In ASW (p p (12) where / is a characteristic body length and w is the angular velocity of rotation (Happel and Brenner. 1973). From the maximum velocity of rotation (cu. rad • s~'. Table 1), Re, of Paramecium or sea urchin larvae is calculated to be about 2 X 10~\ which is sufficiently smaller than unity. This means that the linear assumption of Equation 7 (see the Theory section) is valid to formulate the rotational motion of these microorganisms. The orientation torque generated as a result of the
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