Annals of medical history . of Louis the manysurgeons who were par-ticularly enthusiastic inbringing some of theteachings of the FrenchSchool to America wereJ. Mason Warren ofBoston, William Gib-son and Thomas of the first literaryeffort of the elder Grosswas a translation ofTaverniers OperativeSurgery. During the reign ofLouis Philippe stu-dents gathered in Parisfrom all parts of theworld. There were overthirty hospitals and about five thousandstudents of medicine. One who wouldspecialize in toxicology, obstetrics, micros-copy, orthopedic surgery, g
Annals of medical history . of Louis the manysurgeons who were par-ticularly enthusiastic inbringing some of theteachings of the FrenchSchool to America wereJ. Mason Warren ofBoston, William Gib-son and Thomas of the first literaryeffort of the elder Grosswas a translation ofTaverniers OperativeSurgery. During the reign ofLouis Philippe stu-dents gathered in Parisfrom all parts of theworld. There were overthirty hospitals and about five thousandstudents of medicine. One who wouldspecialize in toxicology, obstetrics, micros-copy, orthopedic surgery, genito-urinarysurgery, dermatology, venereal diseases,ophthalmology, pathological anatomy,medical diagnosis, plastic surgery, experi-mental physiology, higher chemistry,nervous diseases and insanity, or compara-tive anatomy, had to go to Paris. Paris setthe fashions in social customs, in literature, *Read at tlie meeting of the Section on tlieHistory of Medicine of the College of Physicians ofPhiladelphia, November 30, DUPUVTREN the drama, music and in science. Francewas the laboratory of the world in whichexperiments of the most daring sort werebeing made in Art, Government, Scienceand Literature, and Paris was the incandes-cent crucible in this laboratory. The city containedthe very best hospitals in the world. The twenty thousandhospital patients wereused for the instructionof students and thevarious dispensarieswere thronged. Medicalscience had attained ahigh stage of for dissectionwere plentiful. This wasa time when dissectionwas viewed with horrorin England. The in-terne was still a stu-dent of medicine. Theterm was four yearsand he received asalary of four hundredfrancs a year withboard and lodging, andhe was allowed to take private classesthrough the wards and quiz students inthe evening. An interne was obliged tohave been an externe for one year first andan externe attended the Hospital twicea day to be of what service he could. TheH
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