The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 9); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . Bib. Nat., supp. Turk.,190) are found contemporary reproductions of scenesfrom real life which take us into the streets of Bagdadin the thirteenth century or permit us to follow anarmy or a caravan on the march (Maqamat ofHariri, Bib. Nat., Paris, supp. Arab., 1618). Easternartists, whether Christian or Mussulman, frequentlyportray their subjects on backgrounds of gold; inPersian MSS., however, are found attempts at land-scape backgrounds, seve
The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 9); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . Bib. Nat., supp. Turk.,190) are found contemporary reproductions of scenesfrom real life which take us into the streets of Bagdadin the thirteenth century or permit us to follow anarmy or a caravan on the march (Maqamat ofHariri, Bib. Nat., Paris, supp. Arab., 1618). Easternartists, whether Christian or Mussulman, frequentlyportray their subjects on backgrounds of gold; inPersian MSS., however, are found attempts at land-scape backgrounds, several of which betray a Chineseinfluence. III. Byzantine Miniatures.—^The history of By-zantine miniatures is yet to be written; it is impossibleat present to determine its origin or to study its devel-opment. It seems more and more evident that Byzan-tine art, far from being an original creation, is no morethan a prolonged survival of the Hellenic-oriental artof the fourth to the sixth centuries. The Greek monkscharged with the illumination of MSS. never ceased tocopy models, but, following the fashion and the occu- MANUSCRIPTS 622 MANUSCRIPTS. fc.;*.x------> nation of tlie time, tlicsp models sometimes varied;hence Byzantine art has undergone a developmentmore apparent than real. Tnder present conditions,without seeking to dctermhie the schiiols, we must hecontent to indicate the principal groups of MSS. Fifthaiid Sixth Coiluries.—Several cil the Biblical MSS. ingold letters on purple |)arch-ment have liecii rightly com-pared with oi\e another, Cienesis of the ImperialLibrary of Vienna, the Evan-gcliarium of Rossano, and thefragment of the Gospel of discovered at Sinope(since 1900 in the Bib. ). In these three painting has an anecdoticcharacter; it is intended toillustrate the text, and some-times two periods of a sceneare represented in a the evangeliaries show nbearded face of Christ, ma-jestic and severe, which
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