. Concrete bridges and culverts, for both railroads and highways . •C , O =: S o »oCO O a S C8* ■•tt C m jj a-g P 73 to H if w O z co ^o< W n o Q isoo !0 CO to 5C X 2 5 lO o as i § § s s g g o § o ouoo g m ■* 5 8 X CI o t- laaiS s 1 oo o o oo i 1 i 1 o i H a M o iH <n CO to X Oi a^ s ;o 00 o s -x ;o X cJ ?;. z c HOt> cd H . M B O M (J I Hw W a HH u ■ ou u < erf 287 238 CONCRETE BRIDGES AXD CCUERTS. Design D. Figure 61. This type is similar toDesign B, but differs from it in having a sufficientthickness of concrete, reinforced with steel beams,to carry the entire loads by
. Concrete bridges and culverts, for both railroads and highways . •C , O =: S o »oCO O a S C8* ■•tt C m jj a-g P 73 to H if w O z co ^o< W n o Q isoo !0 CO to 5C X 2 5 lO o as i § § s s g g o § o ouoo g m ■* 5 8 X CI o t- laaiS s 1 oo o o oo i 1 i 1 o i H a M o iH <n CO to X Oi a^ s ;o 00 o s -x ;o X cJ ?;. z c HOt> cd H . M B O M (J I Hw W a HH u ■ ou u < erf 287 238 CONCRETE BRIDGES AXD CCUERTS. Design D. Figure 61. This type is similar toDesign B, but differs from it in having a sufficientthickness of concrete, reinforced with steel beams,to carry the entire loads by the bending resistanceof the concrete slab. The steel beams are coveredon the lower side wilh a 2-iuch layer of lower two inches only of the steel beams areconsidered effective as tension metal, for concretereinforcement. Beams are spaced about 18 inchesapart on centers. Piers have corbels and in propor-tioning the thickness of the slabs the effective spanlength is assumed one foot shorter than the actual,because of the presence of these corbels. Design E. Figure 62. This is a reinforced con-crete trestle design, both span and piers having rodreinforcement. In the two previous pier designs,reinforcing steel is omitted, but for Design E one-half inch square rods are placed 18 inches apartboth horizonta
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