A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . ards of won important cessions from the Turks and turned hisambitious thoughts towards the Baltic, for he was bent onmaking Russia a naval power. He took the title of emperorand transferred the capital from Moscow to St. abolished the dignity of Patriarch of the National Churchand made the Holy Synod, of which the Czar is president, thesupreme ecclesiastical authority. Despite his veneer of cul-ture, Peter never succeeded in ridding himself of his innatebarbarism. While his queen, Catherine, surroun
A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . ards of won important cessions from the Turks and turned hisambitious thoughts towards the Baltic, for he was bent onmaking Russia a naval power. He took the title of emperorand transferred the capital from Moscow to St. abolished the dignity of Patriarch of the National Churchand made the Holy Synod, of which the Czar is president, thesupreme ecclesiastical authority. Despite his veneer of cul-ture, Peter never succeeded in ridding himself of his innatebarbarism. While his queen, Catherine, surrounded herselfwith splendor, he himself lived in frugal fashion in his newcapital. It has been said of him that he brought Russia pre-maturely into the circle of European politics. The result hasbeen to turn the rulers of Russia away from home affairs, andthe regular development of internal institutions, to foreignpolitics and the creation of a great military power. Peterdied at the age of fifty-three in consequence of plunging intoicy water to save a boat in CHAPTER LXIV WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION; GROWTH OF THEPOWER OF PRUSSIA ; THE DESTRUCTION OF POLAND The Pragmatic Sanction. —On the death of Augustiis II., therewas trouble about the succession to the Polish crown. In thesettlement, the duchy of Lorraine became a possession ofPrance (1735). The Emperors son-in-law (afterwards FrancisI.) was to have Tuscany; and France, in connection with theother powers, assented to the Pragmatic Sanction, according towhich the hereditary possessions of Austria were to descendintact in the female line. It was expected that the Empirewould pass along with them. Prussia ; Frederick William I. — In 1611 the duchy of Prus-sia and the mark or electorate of Brandenburg were joinedtogether. Under the Great Elector, Frederick William (1640-1688), the military strength of the electorate was , his son (1688-1713), with the Emperors license,took the title of King of
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