Proceedings of the United States National Museum . the Miocene epoch (M. fossilis,Zapfe, 1950, p. 60). The Lower Pliocene Mystipterus (Hall, 1930,p. 319) from Nevada, first supposed to be related to Miniopterus,subsequently has been shown to be an insectivore (Patterson andMcGrew, 1937, p. 256). The oldest Eptesicus-like remains are from Lower Miocene bedsof Florida (Lawrence, 1943, p. 367). Other Eptesicus-like genera,Samonycteris (RevUliod, 1919, p. 95) and Pareptesicus (Zapfe, 1950,p. 58), have been described from the Miocene of Europe. From theUpper Pliocene of Arizona comes Simonycteris (
Proceedings of the United States National Museum . the Miocene epoch (M. fossilis,Zapfe, 1950, p. 60). The Lower Pliocene Mystipterus (Hall, 1930,p. 319) from Nevada, first supposed to be related to Miniopterus,subsequently has been shown to be an insectivore (Patterson andMcGrew, 1937, p. 256). The oldest Eptesicus-like remains are from Lower Miocene bedsof Florida (Lawrence, 1943, p. 367). Other Eptesicus-like genera,Samonycteris (RevUliod, 1919, p. 95) and Pareptesicus (Zapfe, 1950,p. 58), have been described from the Miocene of Europe. From theUpper Pliocene of Arizona comes Simonycteris (Stirton, 1931, p. 27),also possibly a relative of Eptesicus. The most ancient remains at-tributed to true Eptescius are those discovered in the Pliocene or LowerPleistocene of Hungary (Kormos, 1930a, p. 41), Brown (1908, p. 174)regarded Middle Pleistocene material from the Conard Fissure ofArkansas as being only subspecifically distinct from the RecentEptesicus Juscus. Gidley and Gazin (1938, p. 11), with more abundant AMERICAN BATS—HANDLEY 207. 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. no material from the Pleistocene of Cumberland Cave, Md., agreed thatthe relationship of grandis to the Kecent species is close but believedit to be sufficiently different to warrant specific separation. Records ioT Barbastella (Wettstein, 1931 p. 780), Lasiurus (Hibbard,1950, p. 134), and Vespertilio (Kormos, 1934, p. 312) extend back atleast to the Pliocene. Numerous other Recent vespertilionid generahave been identified in Pleistocene deposits. To recapitulate: The oldest recognizable vespertilionid was ofUpper Eocene or Lower Oligocene age. The morphologically moreprimitive Recent genera emerged in the Oligocene and species of these genera were in some instances perhaps derivedas early as the Pliocene, although fossil species of the same generapersisted into the Pleistocene (fig. 25). Genus PlecotusVespertilio {Plecotus) grivensis Deperet Remains undoubtedly referable to P
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