. Official proceedings . Vanadium enormously strengthensthe pearlite alloy, raising its elastic limit especially, and in addi-tion promotes the cohesion of this alloy with ferrite. From thesefacts the explanation is readily seen as to why the strengthening■effect of Vanadium increases rapidly as the proportion of ele-ments other than iron (such as Carbon, Nickel, Chromium,Manganese, etc.) rises to the limits allowable in engineenngsteels, which limits are fixed by other considerations which it isneedless for me to enter into to-night. As illustrating the effects of Aanadium in increasing thest
. Official proceedings . Vanadium enormously strengthensthe pearlite alloy, raising its elastic limit especially, and in addi-tion promotes the cohesion of this alloy with ferrite. From thesefacts the explanation is readily seen as to why the strengthening■effect of Vanadium increases rapidly as the proportion of ele-ments other than iron (such as Carbon, Nickel, Chromium,Manganese, etc.) rises to the limits allowable in engineenngsteels, which limits are fixed by other considerations which it isneedless for me to enter into to-night. As illustrating the effects of Aanadium in increasing thestatic strength of material, the following table is appended: Table No. 2. Rolled Bars Untreated Crucible Steels Carbon Plain Carbon-magauese + per cent, + + vanadium + + +1 per cent. chromium+ ) . .15 vanadium j +1 cliiomium+\, vanadium JOpen-hearth Steels Carbon Plain carbon-maganese +1-0 percentChromium + Vanadium Crucible Steels ^i; Carbon+5% Nickel +.25% 35,84051,29ti56,000(i3,84068,09676,384 81,08890,496 39,64877,056 60,48076,16085,,76088,032 108,864135,296 72,128116,480 58,240 94,080116,700 ,129,700 35333031 2624 24 34 Per cent. ()( \ana(lium Steel. 271 The next table needs no amplification in illustration of thetoughening effect of Xanadium with reference to oft-repeatedstrains, as shown in the progression of the various dynamictests given in it. Here may be said what is now generally recognized, thatit is not lack of successful resistance of steel to one steadilyapplied strain which causes that steel to fail in the huge ma-jority of instances, but rather its steady deterioration under thedemoralizing effect of strains which, though in themselves verymuch less severe, are continually repeated. A true factor ofsafety can only possibly be arrived at both from considerationof the useful strength of the material (which useful strength,be it
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