. Leonardo da Vinci, artist, thinker and man of science. t women convulsedwith laughter. About the same period, Bramante ventured on a similarsubject: he represented Democritus laughing and Heraclitus also tells us that Leonardo used to be fond of watchingthe looks and gestures of prisoners going to execution. He madecareful notes of their eye-movements, of the contractions of theirbrows, and of the involuntary quivering oftheir muscles. These studies have been quite erroneouslycalled caricatures. They are fragments—great fragments—of a treatise on had too


. Leonardo da Vinci, artist, thinker and man of science. t women convulsedwith laughter. About the same period, Bramante ventured on a similarsubject: he represented Democritus laughing and Heraclitus also tells us that Leonardo used to be fond of watchingthe looks and gestures of prisoners going to execution. He madecareful notes of their eye-movements, of the contractions of theirbrows, and of the involuntary quivering oftheir muscles. These studies have been quite erroneouslycalled caricatures. They are fragments—great fragments—of a treatise on had too lofty an intelligence to becontent with making mere frivolous combina-tions, good for nothing but to provoke a laugh—an impulse, moreover, quite foreign to theItalians of the Renaissance—but he felt adeep and passionate interest in the laws whichgovern the physical eccentricity as well as theperfection of the human race. Hence we find that, long before Grandville, he had a glimpseof the true relation between certain human deformities and animal. THE PROPORTIONS OF THE HUMANHEAD, DRAWN BY LEONARDO FORPACIOLIS TREATISE. THE SO-CALLED CARICATURES 253


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