. Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy. Anatomy. 127S THE UMNO-GENITAL SYSTEM. of that canal. The ureters pierce the bladder wall very obliquely, and so the minute orificium ureteris, or opening, of each has an elliptical outline. The lateral boundary of each opening is formed by a thin, crescentic fold, which, when the bladder is artificially distended in the dead subject, acts as a valve in preventing water or air from entering the ureter. Hence the term " valvula ureteris " is some- times used to designate the fold. In the empty bladder the urethral orifice and the openings of the tw
. Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy. Anatomy. 127S THE UMNO-GENITAL SYSTEM. of that canal. The ureters pierce the bladder wall very obliquely, and so the minute orificium ureteris, or opening, of each has an elliptical outline. The lateral boundary of each opening is formed by a thin, crescentic fold, which, when the bladder is artificially distended in the dead subject, acts as a valve in preventing water or air from entering the ureter. Hence the term " valvula ureteris " is some- times used to designate the fold. In the empty bladder the urethral orifice and the openings of the two ureters lie at the angles of an approximately equilateral triangle, whose sides are about one inch in length. When the bladder is distended the distance between the openings may be increased to one and a half inches or more. Bladder in the Female.—In the female the bladder is related posteriorly to Urethral orifice Folds of mucous membrane Muscular coat of bladder. Trigonum vesicae Retro-ureteric fossa Torus ureterieus Fig. 995.—Empty axd Contracted Urinary Bladder, opexed up by the Removal of its Upper Wall. The peritoneum is seen spreading out from the lateral and posterior borders of the organ. Compare with Fig. 1000. the uterus and upper part of the vagina. The anterior surface of the uterus in its upper part is separated from the upper surface of the bladder by the shallow utero- vesical pouch of peritoneum, but the two organs are nevertheless normally in apposition. So close is this relationship that the upper surface of the bladder very often shows a slight concavity, due to contact with the convex anterior wall of the uterus. The lower part of the uterus and upper part of the vagina are not separated by peritoneum from the basal surface of the bladder, but are in actual apposition with it (Fig. 996). Thus, below the level of the utero-vesical pouch, the female bladder is related in much the same manner to the uterus and anterior wall of the vagina as the male blad
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