. The Canadian field-naturalist. 2000 Sinclair and Catling: Status of Goldenseal 113. Figure 1. Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis L, pho- tographed in Essex Co., Ontario, on 5 May 1998, by P. M. Catling. Goldenseal colonies on lowlands and floodplains (Figure 5) occur on slightly acidic to slightly basic (pH = - ) clay or sandy loam soils in fairly mature dry mesic to mesic woods near rivers under closed to semi-open canopies. Dominant trees were Shagbark Hickory, Ironwood (Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch), and Basswood {Tilia americana L.), with Elm {Ulmus sp.) and Ash being common.
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 2000 Sinclair and Catling: Status of Goldenseal 113. Figure 1. Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis L, pho- tographed in Essex Co., Ontario, on 5 May 1998, by P. M. Catling. Goldenseal colonies on lowlands and floodplains (Figure 5) occur on slightly acidic to slightly basic (pH = - ) clay or sandy loam soils in fairly mature dry mesic to mesic woods near rivers under closed to semi-open canopies. Dominant trees were Shagbark Hickory, Ironwood (Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch), and Basswood {Tilia americana L.), with Elm {Ulmus sp.) and Ash being common. These near-floodplain woods are periodically flood- ed during major flooding events. Topography is flat or a gradual slope to the water edge. Most near- floodplain sites are semi-open disturbed woodland edges between water and agricultural land where Raspberry {Rubus sp.), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume), the introduced Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) and other introduced woody shrubs are common. Species found most frequently with Goldenseal in quadrat samples, in order of decreasing frequency, were Cut-leaved Cranesbill, Inserted Virginia Creeper, False Mermaid {Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd.), Spotted Touch-me-not, False Solomon's Seal, Enchanter's Nightshade, Trout Lily {Erythronium sp.), Snakeroot, Wild Leek, White Trillium, Wood Anemone {Anemone quin- quelfolia L. var. quinquefolia), and Wild Yam-root. Figure 2. Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis, L. flowering plant from a figure in the monographic study of Lloyd and Lloyd (1908). During a 1998 field survey, Sinclair and Catling (1998b*) found no evidence of extensive grazing nor of disease affecting Goldenseal. However, most sites were disturbed to a greater or lesser extent, through recreational paths, logging, or flooding. Several recently dug holes, about the size and depth of Goldenseal rhizomes, were found adjacent to exist- ing Goldenseal plants at one site. Previous data on the number of stems at this
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