. A history of the United States. ports and dump it into great bins, high abov*the water-level. Chutes lead the ore into the holds of steelsteamboats five or six hundred feet long, and capable of car-rying five or six thousand tons at once. These great carriers 468 THE NEW METHODS OF WORKING take the ore to ports chiefly on the south shore of lakes Erieand Michigan, near where it is wanted. Huge unloadingmachines operated by steam or electricity lift the ore fromthe boats to railroad cars in which it goes to the iron every step it is handled by machinery, and the humanhand need not to
. A history of the United States. ports and dump it into great bins, high abov*the water-level. Chutes lead the ore into the holds of steelsteamboats five or six hundred feet long, and capable of car-rying five or six thousand tons at once. These great carriers 468 THE NEW METHODS OF WORKING take the ore to ports chiefly on the south shore of lakes Erieand Michigan, near where it is wanted. Huge unloadingmachines operated by steam or electricity lift the ore fromthe boats to railroad cars in which it goes to the iron every step it is handled by machinery, and the humanhand need not touch it or do more than direct the machineswhich perform the work. In order to separate the iron in the ore from other mate-rials, iron ore, coke, and limestone are poured by iron buckets into a blast fur-nace, and a runningstream of liquidiron comes out andis cast into whatis called pig pig iron isthen made intocast iron, wroughtiron, or into somekind of steel. Ma-chines pull thesteel into rods andThese in turn are made. Unloading Iron Ore wire, or roll it into bars and sheets into tools, machinery, and building material. In 1876 iron was chiefly manufactured in the neighborhoodof Pittsburgh. After the ore was obtained principally fromthe Northwest, other cities became rivals of mills must be located where they can bring their coaland iron ore together cheaply and at places from which thefinished articles can be forwarded to the best markets. For♦this reason many steel mills have been built along the southshore of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan, with Cleveland andChicago as the centers. New Uses for Iron and Steel. — Inventions have never NEW USES OF IRON AND STEEL 469 been made so fast as since the Civil War. Man has seemeddetermined to find machines for all his work. Some wereborrowed from Europeans, others were invented by Ameri-cans, some are merely improvements of older inventions,others introduce entirely new methods of work. Many oldtools like
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