. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. voccinium ribes swainson ^ .thru douglos fir amelanchier SPRUCE-FIR FOREST alpine fir lonicera rubus FIG. 23-3 Foraging niches of birds in the western forest bl< tion of the central Rocky Mountains (Salt 1957). hardwoods, several warblers and other species nor- mally characteristic of coniferous forest have learned to occupy niches in the deciduous forests as well, and attain high populations therein (Saunders 1936, Brooks 1940, Kendeigh 1945). The species composi- tion of foliage insects in the coniferous forests of the Smoky Mountains is essentially simil
. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. voccinium ribes swainson ^ .thru douglos fir amelanchier SPRUCE-FIR FOREST alpine fir lonicera rubus FIG. 23-3 Foraging niches of birds in the western forest bl< tion of the central Rocky Mountains (Salt 1957). hardwoods, several warblers and other species nor- mally characteristic of coniferous forest have learned to occupy niches in the deciduous forests as well, and attain high populations therein (Saunders 1936, Brooks 1940, Kendeigh 1945). The species composi- tion of foliage insects in the coniferous forests of the Smoky Mountains is essentially similar to that of the deciduous forest (Whittaker 1952). Such gen- eral intermingling of species in an ecotone is to be expected, and may be considered characteristic of the Appalachian faciation. Perhaps some species listed above reach larger populations in a serai shrub or forest-edge biocies (Adams 1909). The Philadelphia vireo. palm war- bler, Wilson's warbler, rusty blackbird, and Lin- coln's sparrow are largely limited to shrubs or second growth; the northern waterthrush occurs in bogs; the savannah sparrow, in marshes and grassy areas; and the white-winged crossbill, irregularly through the climax. These species extend to the northern tree-line. Serai aquatic stages in the boreal forest contain beaver, muskrat, and nesting horned grebe, black duck, common goldeneye, Canada goose, and the common and hooded mergansers (Hanson et al. 1949). Actually, the coniferous forest does not develop a recognizable forest-edge along its southern border because these borders grade by steps into deciduous forest, aspen parkland, wood- land, and chaparral. The closest resemblance to an edge are shrubby openings within the forest or the subseres that develop in bogs, burns, and logged areas. The aspen parkland contains a fauna in which boreal, grassland, deciduous forest, and deciduous forest-edge biociation species are represented (Bird 1930) and is essentially an ecotone. Invertebrate compos
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodive, booksubjectanimalecology
