. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. FIG. 121 Model of a royal cell of the termite, showing differen castes. The queen ha to the right. The k niarged abdomen; her head is turned the left center. Two soldiers with pointed heads are in the upper right. Most of the rest workers (courtesy Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences). though it was from the greater psychological potenti- alities of primitive man that modern civilization arose (Alhe etal. 1949, Allee 1951). In these social relations, indeed in all sorts of symbiotic relations between individuals, one or both partners must have specialized beha
. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. FIG. 121 Model of a royal cell of the termite, showing differen castes. The queen ha to the right. The k niarged abdomen; her head is turned the left center. Two soldiers with pointed heads are in the upper right. Most of the rest workers (courtesy Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences). though it was from the greater psychological potenti- alities of primitive man that modern civilization arose (Alhe etal. 1949, Allee 1951). In these social relations, indeed in all sorts of symbiotic relations between individuals, one or both partners must have specialized behavior to effect and maintain the relationship. Chemical stimuli are im- portant in this respect and have received much study to date but physical stimuli, such as color, shape, texture, temperature, and so on may also have pri- mary integrative importance as releasers for specific behavior responses, the products of long evolution (Davenport 1955). MUTUALISM Mutualism is an association between two or more species in which all derive benefit in feeding or in some other way. The term symbiosis has often been applied to this relationship, but symbiosis prop- erly refers to the intimate association of two or more dissimilar organisms, regardless of benefits or the lack of them, and hence includes mutualism, com- mensalism, and parasitism. Mutualism, as is true also with commensalism and parasitism, may be facultative, when the species involved are capable of existence independent of one another, or obligativc, when the relationship is im- perative to the existence of one or both species. Con- siderable study and experimentation is sometimes re- quired to decide whether a particular relationship is facultative or obligative, or even whether it is truly mutualistic. Mutualism is sometimes considered as, fundamentally, reciprocal parasitism. Many examples of ecological interest of mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are cited by Pearse (1939) and Allee et al. (1949) ; only a few wi
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodive, booksubjectanimalecology
