Forest entomology . Fig. 225.—Timber of goat willow injured by !•, cross section. b, longitudinal section. /Trochilium Fig. 22G.—Pupal case /Trochiliumbembeciformis projecting fromtrunk after the escape of the moth. terior of the wood it is encased in a strong cocoon of white silkand gnawings of wood. After the moths hatch out, the emptypupal cases may be found lying inthe hatching-box, or otherwise pro-jecting from the stem, as in The moth, fig. 227, has a wingexpanse of 1^ to 1| inch. Wingstransparent, costal edge dark orange-brown, and nervures dark-b
Forest entomology . Fig. 225.—Timber of goat willow injured by !•, cross section. b, longitudinal section. /Trochilium Fig. 22G.—Pupal case /Trochiliumbembeciformis projecting fromtrunk after the escape of the moth. terior of the wood it is encased in a strong cocoon of white silkand gnawings of wood. After the moths hatch out, the emptypupal cases may be found lying inthe hatching-box, or otherwise pro-jecting from the stem, as in The moth, fig. 227, has a wingexpanse of 1^ to 1| inch. Wingstransparent, costal edge dark orange-brown, and nervures dark-brown. Abdomen dark-brown, with conspicuous yellow bars across the abdomen. Antennas black, rather short and stout,an Fig. 227.—Trocliilhim bembeciformis(Hornet Clear-Wing of the osier). Legs Cossus ligxiperda, Fab. (Goat Moth). The larva? of the goat moth are often very injurious to variousspecies of trees, as, for example, oak, elm, ash, willow, and poplar. InCheshire I twice hatched it from oak gate-posts. It may be termeda south-country species, as it generally does not occur north of York- 246 FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. shire, and it is said to be most abundant near London. Fig. 228 rep-resents the injuries done to an oak stem or plank. I am indebted to Mr E. G. Wheler, of ClaverdonLeys, Warwick, for this speci-men. Mr F. V. Theobald says :— The goat moth larvae arethe cause of the damage, forthey are not only large but rav-enous creatures, which tunnelright into the heart of the hard-est wood, and in from six toten years a large tree is com-pletely killed by them, thewhole trunk becoming a honey-combed mass. As many as twohundred have been found in asingle tree. If once a tree isstruck by this pest
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