. Electric railway journal . n of 6 in. concrete and 2 in. crushed rock be-tween concrete and tie. We also use 6 in. x 8 in. whiteoak switch ties of different lengths on all special-workinstallations. Manganese steel has a very low elastic limit, and coldrolling results, which stretches fibers beyond their elas-tic limit. This low elastic limit is responsible in agreat measure for the chipping. If this limit could beraised and still maintain the degree of toughness of thepresent manganese steel a great improvement would bemade. It is a problem for a steel chemist to produce atough alloy steel


. Electric railway journal . n of 6 in. concrete and 2 in. crushed rock be-tween concrete and tie. We also use 6 in. x 8 in. whiteoak switch ties of different lengths on all special-workinstallations. Manganese steel has a very low elastic limit, and coldrolling results, which stretches fibers beyond their elas-tic limit. This low elastic limit is responsible in agreat measure for the chipping. If this limit could beraised and still maintain the degree of toughness of thepresent manganese steel a great improvement would bemade. It is a problem for a steel chemist to produce atough alloy steel with a higher elastic limit, and per-haps some of our troubles would be solved in both hardcenter construction and solid alloy steel construction. R. H. FlNDLEY,Superintendent Track and Roadway. EFFECT OF BORERS ON TREATED AND UNTREATED PILES The accompanying illustrations are taken from a re-port on the Galveston Bay bridge prepared by F. and referred to briefly in last weeks issue ofthe Electric Railway Air, Water and Mud Sections Creosoted Pile—Treatedin 1895


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