. Bulletin. Ethnology. Vol. 3] TRIBES OF PERUVIAN AND ECUADORIAN MONTANA 625 Shrunken heads.—Shrunken heads (tsantsas) are now most typical of but not peculiar to the Jivaro (pi. 63). The skin is cut and removed from the skull, the lips are everted and pinned or sewed together, and the whole head skin is boiled with a plant which somewhat shrinks it and fixes the hair. It is further reduced by placing hot stones and sand inside it; then it is smoked, polished, and kept in a jar. When victim's heads cannot be taken, sloth or other animal tsantsas may be substituted. Many fraudulent shrunken hea
. Bulletin. Ethnology. Vol. 3] TRIBES OF PERUVIAN AND ECUADORIAN MONTANA 625 Shrunken heads.—Shrunken heads (tsantsas) are now most typical of but not peculiar to the Jivaro (pi. 63). The skin is cut and removed from the skull, the lips are everted and pinned or sewed together, and the whole head skin is boiled with a plant which somewhat shrinks it and fixes the hair. It is further reduced by placing hot stones and sand inside it; then it is smoked, polished, and kept in a jar. When victim's heads cannot be taken, sloth or other animal tsantsas may be substituted. Many fraudulent shrunken heads, made from unclaimed dead in city morgues, are on the market and in museums. They generally lack one or more of the following characteristics of genuine Jivaro tsantsas: Lips sewn or pinned, the forehead compressed laterally, nostrils dilated, all facial hair except eyebrows removed (mustaches frequently reveal falsi- fied tsantsas), the skin smoked-blackened and polished, and little orna- mentation except the lip threads. The Jivaro, moreover, never preserve the whole body. (See Stirling, 1938.) ESTHETIC AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES Art.—The principal Jivaro art products are carved spear handles, feathered head ornaments, and mythological paintings on pots and other objects. Musical instruments.—Jivaro musical instruments include: Hollow- log signal drums used singly (fig. 92; pi. 62); two-headed skin drums. Figure 92.—Jivaro drum. (Redrawn from Tessmann, 1930, pi. 59.) played both by dancers and by shamans; transverse and longitudinal flutes; musical bows; snail-shell signal trumpets; and jangles of shell and other materials attached to belts and leg bands. The Aguaruna make primitive two-string violins in imitation of Spanish models. Panpipes are merely children's toys. Drinks and narcotics.—Chicha is made by fermenting manioc and other plants. Narcotics include tobacco, cayapi, Datura, and guayusa. Tobacco, the most important, was formerly taken only for magical
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