. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. TREES 367 growth as a rule can endure more shade. There are also some low species, as the blue beach, the dogwoods, and others, that are shade loving. These shade-loving shrubs and the young growth constitute the underbrush, which in more open forests may be a veritable jungle. In time the tree reaches a period of old age, when its vitality begins to diminish, and it is subject to the at- tacks of fungi and bac- teria of decay or dis- ease. The effects of insects, such as canker- worms that eat the foli- age, and the bark and wo
. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. TREES 367 growth as a rule can endure more shade. There are also some low species, as the blue beach, the dogwoods, and others, that are shade loving. These shade-loving shrubs and the young growth constitute the underbrush, which in more open forests may be a veritable jungle. In time the tree reaches a period of old age, when its vitality begins to diminish, and it is subject to the at- tacks of fungi and bac- teria of decay or dis- ease. The effects of insects, such as canker- worms that eat the foli- age, and the bark and wood boring larvee, are also more serious then. The heart-wood decays, perhaps, the branches die from the attacks of fungi and insects, and fall. Gradually the tree dies. Decay is hastened. The trunk and roots are weakened, and a storm uproots or breaks down the tree. We see many broken Hmbs, fallen tree trunks, and old stumps lit- tering the forest floor. There they gradually rot and return to the soil the mineral matter and to the air the gases that were used in their upbuilding. In this process of decay many fungi and bacteria take an active part. We see shelf Fig. 157. A Shelf Pore-Fungus. (The chief part of the fungus is inside the tree, causing death and decay.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Holtz, Frederick Leopold, 1870-. New York, C. Scribner's Sons
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