. Ciba Foundation symposium on ionizing radiations and cell metabolism. Radiation -- Physiological effect; Cell metabolism; Radiation -- effects; Radioactivity. O^^C/4^. CHAIRMAN'S OPENING REMARKS A. Haddow A GREAT deal of work has been carried out on the elucidation of the changes in gross cellular structure produced by ionizing radiations, on the histopathology of radiation damage, and on the cytological and genetical effects. Yet what of the bio- chemical changes, the metabolic changes we have to consider? To quote Dubois and Petersen's review (1954, Annu. Rev. Nuclear Sci., 4, 351), althou
. Ciba Foundation symposium on ionizing radiations and cell metabolism. Radiation -- Physiological effect; Cell metabolism; Radiation -- effects; Radioactivity. O^^C/4^. CHAIRMAN'S OPENING REMARKS A. Haddow A GREAT deal of work has been carried out on the elucidation of the changes in gross cellular structure produced by ionizing radiations, on the histopathology of radiation damage, and on the cytological and genetical effects. Yet what of the bio- chemical changes, the metabolic changes we have to consider? To quote Dubois and Petersen's review (1954, Annu. Rev. Nuclear Sci., 4, 351), although research on the biochemical effects of ionizing radiations has yielded a vast amount of information, no satisfactory explanation of the exact mechan- ism by which tissue damage is inflicted has yet been obtained. Research on the biochemical mechanisms has been under way for a relatively short period of time. A considerable amount of research on the subject during recent years was of necessity exploratory in nature. Many approaches to the problem of mechanism have been employed. A large number of the earlier studies dealt with in vitro systems. The information obtained from such studies has been valuable in indicating the chemical linkages and groups which are the most susceptible to altera- tion by ionizing radiations. However, attempts to apply in vitro findings with ionizing radiations to intact cells have been generally disappointing. Biologists have therefore turned their attention to the more difficult task of attempting to define radiation damage in terms of interference with biochemical systems, through research on irradiated animals and micro- organisms. My colleague J. A. V. Butler has pointed out that the basic puzzle of radiobiology, one which has been stressed especially by L. H. Gray, is still unsolved—namely that com- paratively small doses of radiation produce marked biological changes, although in general rather large doses are required to produce easily ob
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