. Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock . of the wood frame carbecame apparent, a situation met by and resulting in acomplete revolutionizing of the car building industry bythe change from wood to steel cars. Wooden draft timbers bolted to the bottom of woodencenter sills pulling out, wooden center sill breaking at bol-sters and the difficulty in obtaining an adequate supply oftimbers for the gradually increasing sizes of cars, madea change to stronger and more readily obtainable materialsimperative. Thus, born of necessity, came dra
. Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock . of the wood frame carbecame apparent, a situation met by and resulting in acomplete revolutionizing of the car building industry bythe change from wood to steel cars. Wooden draft timbers bolted to the bottom of woodencenter sills pulling out, wooden center sill breaking at bol-sters and the difficulty in obtaining an adequate supply oftimbers for the gradually increasing sizes of cars, madea change to stronger and more readily obtainable materialsimperative. Thus, born of necessity, came draft sillreinforcements of steel, steel underframes for wood cars,steel frame cars and all steel cars. Development of Steel Freight Cars The use of steel in car construction probably was firstintroduced in 1874 in the form of channel iron for sillsand bolsters in a car operated in stock service on anEastern line. In the late seventies or early eighties apeculiarly shaped iron body hopper car, known from its. Early English Stock Car Compared with a IVlode and a weight of 1,700,000 pounds) which was brought toa stop from a speed of 20 miles an hour in a distance of171 feet. To stop the same train at the same speed by theuse of hand brakes by 5 men, all ready for simultaneousaction, required a distance of 1,563 feet. Miscellaneous Developments In 1837 an Rastern railroad had 30 box cars fitted withdouble sides, roofs, floors anfl the interstices ])acke 1 This in its crude form was ]5rol)ably the firstrefrigerator car. In 1871 there was introduced a refrig-erator car equii)|jcd with ice bins, or com])artments, at theends of the car and about 1881 the first stock car withwatering troughs and feed bins was constructed. The introduction of the automatic coujjlcr, extendingover a period from 1883 to 1888. tested bv the Pennsvl-vania R. R. in 1883 and 100 sets tested I)v the C. B. & Q. shape as a three-pit hopper, was introduced which was of1,) !i)ii cai>icily, weighing 1
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1900, booksubjectrailroa, bookyear1901
