. Cement and concrete. in the small section were made to do so by thecross-strain introduced by imperfect adjustment in the clips. When a briquet breaks at other than the smallest section, itis certain that the smallest section has a greater strength per 1 For a report of these tests in detail, see Annual Report Chief of Engi-neers, , 1895, p. 2913. Also Municipal Engineering, Dec, 1896,Jan., Feb., 1897. 142 CEMENT AND CONCRETE square inch than is shown by the result obtained; how muchgreater cannot be told. But it follows that if clip-breaks couldbe eliminated in a proper way, one which
. Cement and concrete. in the small section were made to do so by thecross-strain introduced by imperfect adjustment in the clips. When a briquet breaks at other than the smallest section, itis certain that the smallest section has a greater strength per 1 For a report of these tests in detail, see Annual Report Chief of Engi-neers, , 1895, p. 2913. Also Municipal Engineering, Dec, 1896,Jan., Feb., 1897. 142 CEMENT AND CONCRETE square inch than is shown by the result obtained; how muchgreater cannot be told. But it follows that if clip-breaks couldbe eliminated in a proper way, one which would not cause centerbreaks by the introduction of cross-strains or other undesirableconditions, the strengths thus obtained would be greater thanwhen clip-breaks occur. The fact that the use of a rubbercushion gives lower strengths, shows that this is not the propermethod of preventing clip-breaks. 209. Mr. W. R. Cock has devised a clip, with rubber-coveredgripping points, which has attracted some attention. It has. lnu n i iEEE f 3A Yl & 0 Fig. 7. I 2 -RUSSELL CLIP 3 in. sometimes been assumed that because this clip eliminated clip-breaks it must give a higher apparent strength than the rigidform. No extensive series of experiments have been publishedwhich permit of comparing this clip with other forms, butfrom the results obtained above, in using rubber cushions, itwould appear that the Cock clip may give lower apparentstrengths. BREAKING THE BRIQUETS 143 210. The form of clip designed by Mr. S. Bent Russell is•constructed on the evener principle, each clip having free-dom of motion imparted by four pin-connected joints (see ). It is sought to prevent any but an axial pull being ap-plied to the briquet. On account of details of construction,into which it is not necessary to enter here, the clip must bein its normal position when the briquet is inserted, in orderthat the possibility of cross-strain shall be effectually a result of many tests with this form
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