. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . orsed on the back one more step was re([uired to make the petition into aBill, and to win for them the initiative in legislation. The victories of the Commons, in the Parliamentary sense,were, after all, the victories only of an aristocratic class. Belowthe small group of the comity freeholders and the burgesses intowns came the great mass of the unrepresented, the villeinsand tlic unprivileged
. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . orsed on the back one more step was re([uired to make the petition into aBill, and to win for them the initiative in legislation. The victories of the Commons, in the Parliamentary sense,were, after all, the victories only of an aristocratic class. Belowthe small group of the comity freeholders and the burgesses intowns came the great mass of the unrepresented, the villeinsand tlic unprivileged artisans. When those classes began forthe first time to stir and to find exjiression for themselves—when in the Peasant Itevolt, and the Lollard movement, andthe )-)oem of Piers Plowman they began to make themselvesheard, it nnist have seemed a, iiortent; as Roman augurs fabledIxforii the Punic War, /»« loc/itus /sf. As early as IMMi (p. 222)Wycliffe had his book on The Lordship of God,an atta(k on the current ecclesiastical theory of tlie sub-,orijiualion of State to (hurcli. He next appears condcuniingtill papal usurpations of English benctiics. Then he joined with. TiOlll (M- TlIK liLMK IlilXCE, CANTKltinUV rATlIiaillAL. 208 THE BLACK DEATH, AXD AFTEBWARDS. TheLollards. The Peasant Revolt. [1343 Jolm of Gaunt—strange alliance uf a religious enthusiast \\iiha corrupt courtier—to attack the teuiporal position and wealthof churchmen, and was cited before Gourtenay, Bishop ofLondon. The trial was hroken up by an outbreak of theLondoners against John d I lamit. Another trial in K^.SN wasinterrupted by anoth(.r popular riot against the Pajtal this date Wycliffe, hitherto a reformer, became a revolu-tionary. He advanced to the very key of the Church positionin denying- the doctrine of Transubstantiation. He inveighedunsparingly against the standing army of the (Jhurch, themonks and the triars. He a])pealed from the churchmen to thepeople, and turned f
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