. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. 400 A NGIOSPERMA E—DICOTYLEDONES Visitors.—Small flies and ants were seen in Nova Zemlia, but no visitors in Spitzbergen. Herm. Miiller observed in the Alps no fewer than 85 Diptera (mostly Muscidae). besides 8 beetles, 20 Hymenoptera, and 13 Lepidoptera; Loew saw a hover-fl)' in the same region ('Blutenbiol. Floristik,' p. 397). Lindman noticed flies, Hymeno- ptera, and a beetle on the Dovrefjeld. MacLeod saw 8 short-tongued Hymenoptera, a Phryganid, a beet
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. 400 A NGIOSPERMA E—DICOTYLEDONES Visitors.—Small flies and ants were seen in Nova Zemlia, but no visitors in Spitzbergen. Herm. Miiller observed in the Alps no fewer than 85 Diptera (mostly Muscidae). besides 8 beetles, 20 Hymenoptera, and 13 Lepidoptera; Loew saw a hover-fl)' in the same region ('Blutenbiol. Floristik,' p. 397). Lindman noticed flies, Hymeno- ptera, and a beetle on the Dovrefjeld. MacLeod saw 8 short-tongued Hymenoptera, a Phryganid, a beetle, 4 Syrphids, and 19 other Diptera in the Pyrenees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 420-2). 945. S. Hirculus L. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjobenhavn, xvi, 1888, p. 25.)— Warming says that the flowers of this species are markedly protandrous in Spitz- bergen. Andersson and Hesselman (' Bidrag till Kanned. cm Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' pp. 27-8) say that this species flowers in Spitzbergen during the second half of July and in August; feebly developed flower-buds were noticed in Beeren Island on June 18, 1898. Fruits appear to be ripened with difficulty at the end of August or the beginning of September. The petals are bright Fig. 128- Saxifraga rotuttdi/olia^ L. (after Herm. ). A. Flower at the beg^inning of t:he first (male) stage. B. Flower towards the end of the same stage. C. Flower in the second (female) stage ( X \%^. a-a-, anthers ; Ji, filament; /;, drop of nectar ; ov^ ovary ; /, petal ; .y, sepal; si, stigma. with a basal swelling on either side, and citron-yellow spots. There is marked protandry, according to Andersson and Hesselman, confirmed by Ekstam. Stocks with purely female flowers were seen, and also gynomonoecious transition forms. Ekstam thinks that the basal folds of the petals, the roots of the filaments, and the base of the ovary possibly secrete nectar. In Nova Zemlia, according to Ekstam, the diameter of th
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