Panama and the canal . These have been supplemented by photographs taken onthe Isthmus and by personal observation and study in theCanal Zone. December, 1909. yn TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction v PART I.—GOLDEN CASTILE Chapter I. A Route from Europe to Asia ..,..,. 3II. Balboa and the Pacific ........ 12 III. Pizarro and the Gold of Peru ...... 19 PART II.—GRAVE OF THE SPANIARDS IV. The Pirates 27 PART III.—MODERN PANAMA V. Land of the Cocoanut Tree 41 VI. Natives and Animals 58 VII. City of Panama 78 PART IV.—KEY TO THE PACIFIC VIII. Roadways Across Central America 93 IX. Waterways Across
Panama and the canal . These have been supplemented by photographs taken onthe Isthmus and by personal observation and study in theCanal Zone. December, 1909. yn TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction v PART I.—GOLDEN CASTILE Chapter I. A Route from Europe to Asia ..,..,. 3II. Balboa and the Pacific ........ 12 III. Pizarro and the Gold of Peru ...... 19 PART II.—GRAVE OF THE SPANIARDS IV. The Pirates 27 PART III.—MODERN PANAMA V. Land of the Cocoanut Tree 41 VI. Natives and Animals 58 VII. City of Panama 78 PART IV.—KEY TO THE PACIFIC VIII. Roadways Across Central America 93 IX. Waterways Across Central America 108 X. The French at Panama 113 XI. The United States and Panama . . .128 XII. Conquest of Disease 137 XIII. Assembling a Working Force 156 XIV. Machinery and the Panama Railroad . . .170XV. Sea-level and Lock Canals -177 XVI. The Lock Canal at Panama ....... 186 XVII. Building the Canal 194 XVIII. The Men Behind the Canal 218 XIX. Future of Panama and the Canal 22^ PART IGOLDEN CASTILE. Map I.—The Portuguese Find a Route to Asia; CHAPTER I A ROUTE FROM EUROPE TO ASIA Every schoolboy today knows more of geography thanthe most learned man in Europe knew -five hundred yearsago. When Columbus w^as puzzling over hisLatin books and learning to draw maps in the Portugueseschools of Genoa, Italv, no teacher could have ff ^ ^°*® • to Asia told him the real size and shape of the few persons believed that the earth was round like aglobe but thought it much smaller than we now know itto be. The maps of that day marked with certainty onlythe continent of Europe, the INIediterranean Sea, a littleof the north of Africa, and some of the western parts ofAsia. What the remainder of Asia and Africa was like,no one could say. West of Europe was the Atlantic ocean,called the Sea of Darkness. No European ship was everknown to have crossed it. It was an ocean of unknowndangers. Sailors were afraid to try it. And as for Northand South America and the Pacific oce
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