. Birds of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks . Birds; Birds. Characteristic Birds of Lodgepole Pine/Spruce-Fir Complex: goshawk, blue grouse, ruffed grouse, great gray owl, calliope humming- bird, Williamson's sapsucker, hairy woodpecker, Hammond's flycatcher, olive-sided flycatcher, gray jay, Steller's jay, common raven, Clark's nutcracker, mountain chickadee, red-breasted nuthatch, brown creeper, dipper, American robin, hermit thrush, Townsend's solitaire, ruby-crowned kinglet, yellow-rumped warbler, western tanager, Cassin's finch, pine grosbeak, pine siskin, red crossbill, dark-ey
. Birds of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks . Birds; Birds. Characteristic Birds of Lodgepole Pine/Spruce-Fir Complex: goshawk, blue grouse, ruffed grouse, great gray owl, calliope humming- bird, Williamson's sapsucker, hairy woodpecker, Hammond's flycatcher, olive-sided flycatcher, gray jay, Steller's jay, common raven, Clark's nutcracker, mountain chickadee, red-breasted nuthatch, brown creeper, dipper, American robin, hermit thrush, Townsend's solitaire, ruby-crowned kinglet, yellow-rumped warbler, western tanager, Cassin's finch, pine grosbeak, pine siskin, red crossbill, dark-eyed junco, white-crowned sparrow. Douglas-Fir/Aspen Complex. Along a broad zone between the upper edge of the sagebrush-grassland community and the lower edge of the dense lodgepole forests at eleva- tions up to 8500 feet, scattered stands of Douglas-fir and aspen grow. The Douglas-fir, with its thick fire-resistant bark, has probably persisted in this environment because of its ability to withstand ground fires. On exposed sites it is scattered sparsely, but grows in reasonably dense stands on most drier south and west facing slopes. Aspen also occur in scattered stands in this environment, particularly where spring seepages or high water tables exist. The absence of fire for the past eighty years and heavy browsing, particularly by elk, have retarded the growth and expansion of the aspen. Limber pine appears in pockets largely confined to the Mam- moth Hot Springs area in Yellowstone and is scattered generally throughout Grand Teton. Rocky Mountain and common juniper also occur in drier transitional areas within this complex. In forested areas the forest floor vegetation includes snowberry, pine grass, and a variety of Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Follett, Dick. [United Stat
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