. Cyclopedia of farm crops. Farm produce; Agriculture. Fig. 349. Coffee seedling. tirely abandoned in Hawaii. It is frequently advis- able to allow a lower shoot to remain to replace the original stem which has suffered from the dying off of the lower branches. When the new stem begins to bear, the old one may be removed. Shade.—The most mooted question in coffee-cul- ture is that of shade. The opinion that heavy shad- ing is necessary has led to much injury of the industry, notably in Porto Rico. That high-grade coffee can be grown without shade has been shown in Guatemala and Brazil. The pre
. Cyclopedia of farm crops. Farm produce; Agriculture. Fig. 349. Coffee seedling. tirely abandoned in Hawaii. It is frequently advis- able to allow a lower shoot to remain to replace the original stem which has suffered from the dying off of the lower branches. When the new stem begins to bear, the old one may be removed. Shade.—The most mooted question in coffee-cul- ture is that of shade. The opinion that heavy shad- ing is necessary has led to much injury of the industry, notably in Porto Rico. That high-grade coffee can be grown without shade has been shown in Guatemala and Brazil. The prevalent idea that shading benefits the foli- age and fruit is erro- neous. However, it is quite probable that shading the ground is a cultural advantage. Le- guminous trees are frequently planted for shade, and their nitro- gen-collecting powers have no doubt been bene- ficial to the coffee-plants. In Java, Ceylon and Africa, leguminous trees are used largely. Other possible advantages are protection against drought, and the moder- ation of the temperature of the upper layers of soil. The shade trees must not be so dense as to shut out light and air. A single tree may be placed in the center between blocks of four coffee trees each; that is, each block of four trees will have a shade tree on each side of it in the row. For a discussion of this subject the reader should consult Bulletin No. 25, Division of Botany, United States Department of Agriculture, Shade in Coffee Culture, by 0. F. Cook. The trees used for shading in Porto Rico are guaba (Inga vera), guama {Iiiga laurina), moca (Andira inermis), and bucare {Erythrina mierop- teryx). The first two are used most extensively. In Mexico, the shade tree is Inga Inicuil. In Hawaii, coffee shading is practiced, the trees used being, in order of importance, silky oak (Grcvillea robusta), kukui, Java plum and Monterey cypress. The native ohia tree, the principal forest tree in Hawaii, is usually left standing at intervals in new l
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