. Bulletin of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station in Japan. Agricultural experiment stations. 138 . r T. MIYAKE : a. DEPTH LARVAE PENETRATE INTO THE SOIL. Larvae do not penetrate deepl)- into the soil ; usually the depth is from one to two inches. Fukai observed that out of 128 pupae, 115 were within one inch, 11 within 2 inches and 2 within 3 inches. Usuall}' their heads are directed towards the surface of the soil. 10. Emergence of Adult Fly. When the fly is about to emerge it pushes off with its frontal sac (ptilinum) the anterior end of the pupal case. In emergence from the pupal
. Bulletin of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station in Japan. Agricultural experiment stations. 138 . r T. MIYAKE : a. DEPTH LARVAE PENETRATE INTO THE SOIL. Larvae do not penetrate deepl)- into the soil ; usually the depth is from one to two inches. Fukai observed that out of 128 pupae, 115 were within one inch, 11 within 2 inches and 2 within 3 inches. Usuall}' their heads are directed towards the surface of the soil. 10. Emergence of Adult Fly. When the fly is about to emerge it pushes off with its frontal sac (ptilinum) the anterior end of the pupal case. In emergence from the pupal case a horizontal split is formed along the middle of the 4th seg- ment, and a frontal split between the remains of the oral part and the anterior spiracular processes (See PI. IV., figs. 5, 7, in which the line is indicated) so that, from the top of the case dorsal and ventral triangular chitinous pieces are broken off along these lines, and from the aperture thus made the new fly begins to dra^v out its imprisoned body. Usually, however, the dorsal triangular piece only breaks off from the pupal case, the ventral one being still attached to the case. The eclosion of the fly from the pupal case is not always easily made. If the pupa is placed on the surface of the earth (or on the bottom of an)- vessel), as was done in our experiments, the pupal case being un- fixed the newly coming fly loses the neces- sarj' levering power to bring its body out from the puparium. This being so, of many pupae under my experiment, though some per- formed the eclosion completely within one hour, a few required a whole day, while some did not succeed in getting out from Text-fig. 4. the puparium even after two daj-s and were -j.,,,,,,^, ;„ „,g .^i, .^.^^ ,,y „,^ dead on the third day. The passage through "y auempting to come out (June I, 1916}. Natural size which the fly comes to the .surftice of the earth seems, as far as I could , to be rather obliijiie and bent, as for examp
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