. The railroad builders; a chronicle of the welding of the states . ryland, and by 1853,to Wheeling. Meanwhile, the branch from Cum-berland to Parkersburg, Virginia, was built. Theroad now comprised a total system of more thanfive hundred miles and reached two points of im-portance on the Ohio River, one northward nearthe Pennsylvania-Ohio state line and one south-ward in the direction of Cincinnati. The Par-kersburg extension was of great importance becauseit opened a through route to St. Louis, by meansof the Cincinnati and Marietta Railroad — whichwas at this time completed from Cincinnati
. The railroad builders; a chronicle of the welding of the states . ryland, and by 1853,to Wheeling. Meanwhile, the branch from Cum-berland to Parkersburg, Virginia, was built. Theroad now comprised a total system of more thanfive hundred miles and reached two points of im-portance on the Ohio River, one northward nearthe Pennsylvania-Ohio state line and one south-ward in the direction of Cincinnati. The Par-kersburg extension was of great importance becauseit opened a through route to St. Louis, by meansof the Cincinnati and Marietta Railroad — whichwas at this time completed from Cincinnati toBelpre, Ohio, opposite Parkersburg — and theOhio and Mississippi, which extended more thanthree hundred miles from St. Louis to Cincinnati. Times were not the best, however, and, although LOCOMOTIVE JOHN BULL,- 18S1 Photograph from the original engine in the National Museum,Washington. This locomotive was built in Newcastle, England,and brought to America for the Camden and Amboy Railway inAugust, 1831. It was exhibited at the Worlds Fair in Chicagoin CROSSING THE APPALACHIAN RANGE 101 much traffic was developed, the immense cost ofthe extensions heavily burdened the Baltimoreand Ohio Company, while the panic of 1857seriously embarrassed its credit. Soon after thispanic and before the company had begun to re-cover from its effects, John W. Garrett, one of thelarge stockholders in the road and son of a Balti-more banker, was elected to its presidency, and anew chapter in the history of the Baltimore andOhio began. Almost immediately following Gar-retts election, a remarkable change became appar-ent. Losses were turned into gains; deficits wereconverted into surpluses; and soon Garrett hadgained the reputation of being the most remark-able and eflScient railroad manager in the seemed to be almost an Aladdin of railroadmanagement for, even when he could not show in-creases in amount of business done, he reportedgreater profits by showing lower expenses. Intho
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