Methods and aids in geography : for the use of teachers and normal schools . nd is steep, the lines or hachures are drawn neartogether, so the hills and mountains onthe map become dark; if the ground isless hilly, the lines are farther apart;and where it is level, the lines are thin-ner, and the appearance of the map islighter. In military maps, a definitescale of shading is used. Hachures areused in the Eclectic series of geogra-phies, and in Baedekers Barness new geography, the relief is given in a verystriking way by woodcuts which give panoramic views ofa whole grand divisio
Methods and aids in geography : for the use of teachers and normal schools . nd is steep, the lines or hachures are drawn neartogether, so the hills and mountains onthe map become dark; if the ground isless hilly, the lines are farther apart;and where it is level, the lines are thin-ner, and the appearance of the map islighter. In military maps, a definitescale of shading is used. Hachures areused in the Eclectic series of geogra-phies, and in Baedekers Barness new geography, the relief is given in a verystriking way by woodcuts which give panoramic views ofa whole grand division from ocean to ocean. But the third system is the most accurate of all, and israpidly coming into use. Instead of hill-shading, a numberof curved lines are traced over the country, as in the mapon p. 269. These curves are called contour-lines. Eachcurve represents the same height, and the distance fromone curve to another always represents one hundred feet orone thousand feet, according to the scale. (See Fig. 10.) The best political maps contain clear outlines, moderate. Fig. 10. — ContoiwLilies round a Hill. no METHODS AND AIDS IN GEOGRAPHY colors, variety of type, railroads in red, and the canalsshown by proper lines ; also head of navigation, populationof important towns, ocean-currents, steamship routes, etc.,such as are given in Barness geography. Hughes political wall-maps are very good. But we be-lieve much more can be taught by the use of maps thanhas ever yet been dreamed of. There should be maps toshow the trunk railroads, the lines of foreign commerce, theleading productions, manufactures, comparative population,etc., for the world, as General Walker has shown similarfacts in the last census report. Map-Drawing. This department of geography is frequently a source ofmuch vexation among teachers. On no subject pertainingto this study is there a wider difference of opinion. Theopinions now held by the author on this subject are verydifferent from those believed and
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