. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. â 1 Force Platform r -attached to â¢^ micromanipulator Strain Gauge Wires to Bridge Amplifier Lz Clamp. Wz C FWTh VWTh-H DC DE Figure 2. A. Diagram of apparatus used to measure skeletal strength of encrusting cheilostome bryozoans. B. Diagram of cheilostome zooid showing standard measurements made on frontal surfaces of zooids. Lz = zooid length. Wz = zooid width. Wo = width. Lo = orifice length. C. Transverse section through two cheilostome zooids, showing other measurements taken. FWTh = frontal wall thickness. VWT
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. â 1 Force Platform r -attached to â¢^ micromanipulator Strain Gauge Wires to Bridge Amplifier Lz Clamp. Wz C FWTh VWTh-H DC DE Figure 2. A. Diagram of apparatus used to measure skeletal strength of encrusting cheilostome bryozoans. B. Diagram of cheilostome zooid showing standard measurements made on frontal surfaces of zooids. Lz = zooid length. Wz = zooid width. Wo = width. Lo = orifice length. C. Transverse section through two cheilostome zooids, showing other measurements taken. FWTh = frontal wall thickness. VWTh = vertical wall thickness. DC = depth of zooid cavity (center). DE = depth of zooid cavity (edge). measuring the deformation of the frontal wall before breaking. Displacement registered on the second channel of the chart recorder, resulting in simultaneous reading of both the force applied to and the deformation of the surface. The forces required to puncture zooecia in the middle and along the growing edge of a colony were recorded for eight species. In addition, both A and B zooids from the inner region of Steginoporella sp. nov. were tested. Puncture forces were also recorded for opercula {, Fig. 3A) and ovicells {, Fig. IE, F) in several species. Compression test The same procedures and equipment as in the puncture test were used but with a different probe. A flat end of a drill bit, mm in diameter, served as the probe, covering an area mm^. Because zooid size varied between species, the probe spanned between 1 and 5 zooids. Whereas in the puncture test the probe punctured only the frontal wall, in the compression test the vertical walls were primarily involved in resisting the compressive forces of the larger probe. In the compression tests only growing edge zooids and inner zooids were used. Both regions were tested in six species, inner zooids only in three more. Morphometries After each colony was tested it was measured (live) under the dissecti
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