. Cross tie forms and rail fastenings with special reference to treated timbers . for an octagonal bolt for some years. In 1863 the French North-ern and French Eastern roads, which had been using an ordinary nailspike which they found very defective, began using screw-spikes ofthe forms shown in figs. 28 and 29. These resemble the original screw- 38 CROSS-TIE FORMS AND RAIL FASTENINGS. spike used by the Paris-Lyons-Mediterranean Railway (fig. 27). In 1875the latter road dropped the use of the bolt and adopted a screw-spikeof the type shown in fig. 30, which was similar in many respects to thet
. Cross tie forms and rail fastenings with special reference to treated timbers . for an octagonal bolt for some years. In 1863 the French North-ern and French Eastern roads, which had been using an ordinary nailspike which they found very defective, began using screw-spikes ofthe forms shown in figs. 28 and 29. These resemble the original screw- 38 CROSS-TIE FORMS AND RAIL FASTENINGS. spike used by the Paris-Lyons-Mediterranean Railway (fig. 27). In 1875the latter road dropped the use of the bolt and adopted a screw-spikeof the type shown in fig. 30, which was similar in many respects to thetype of screw-spike used by the French Northern Railway (fig. 2S), butwhich had the improvement of an increase in the pitch of the will be noted that the prism of wood between the two threads, whichis the active part of the wood resisting the vertical pull, was 10 mm.( inch) in thickness in this new spike instead of 7 mm. () as in the old French Northern type. Theoretically, therefore,the resistance of the new spike to the vertical pull should have been. Fig. 28.—Screw-spike Fig. 29.—Screw-spike pIGi 30.—Screw-spike used used by the French used by the French by the Paris-Lyons-Medi- Northern Railway in Eastern Railway in terranean Railway in 1863. 1863. 1876. about double that of the old type with less injury to the libers of thewood. About this time (1878), at the eighth reunion of the GermanRailway Union at Stuttgart, a report was made recommending theadoption of the screw-pike instead of the ordinary spike. The screw-spike adopted by the Paris-Lyons-Mediterranean Railwaywas at first made of iron rolled cold. About 1878 an attempt was madeto roll the metal hot in appropriate molds. A serviceable spike wasmade, but it required particularly skilled labor, and too often thethreads were defective. The great heat frequently burned and weak-ened the iron so that the heads broke oft. When it became necessaryto still further increase the solidity of the
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1900, booksubjectwoodpre, bookyear1904
