. Compendium of meteorology. Meteorology. 894 TROPICAL METEOROLOGY temperature gradients in the upper troposphere re- quired to reverse the circulation. Of the two soundings available from centers of tropical cyclones, one reached 17}i km and the other 17 km; neither showed much evidence of having reached the tropopause, although the sounding in the October 1944 storm showed extraor- 80 100 cc: < m 200 300 400 OCTOBER 8 0100 EST _L. _L â 90° -80° -70° -60° -50° -40° -30° TEMPERATURE (°C) -20° -10° 400 500 w 5 600 oa d 700 800 900 1000 -I 1 i 1 1 1 r â â¢\^ OCTOBER7\\\ OCTOBER
. Compendium of meteorology. Meteorology. 894 TROPICAL METEOROLOGY temperature gradients in the upper troposphere re- quired to reverse the circulation. Of the two soundings available from centers of tropical cyclones, one reached 17}i km and the other 17 km; neither showed much evidence of having reached the tropopause, although the sounding in the October 1944 storm showed extraor- 80 100 cc: < m 200 300 400 OCTOBER 8 0100 EST _L. _L â 90° -80° -70° -60° -50° -40° -30° TEMPERATURE (°C) -20° -10° 400 500 w 5 600 oa d 700 800 900 1000 -I 1 i 1 1 1 r â â¢\^ OCTOBER7\\\ OCTOBER 8 OIOOE leOOESTJif. \(|N THE EYE) OCTOBER 7\\ . 0400 EST i\ _l_ J- _L _L -40° -30° -20° -10° 0* 10° 20° TEMPERATURE {°C) 30° 40° 50° Fig. 4.âSoundings at Tampa, Florida, during the approach and arrival of a hurricane center, October 7-8, 1946. dinary stability in the middle troposphere. Figure 5 shows probable tropopause variation in three tropical cyclones, and in Fig. 6 Simpson indicates the probable relation between temperature in the outer and inner vortex of a mature hurricane. ORIGIN OF TROPICAL CYCLONES Theories of Tropical Cyclone Development. The con- vective theory of the formation of tropical cyclones was developed many years ago and was generally ac- cepted until the early 1930's. It was believed that the following series of events occurred in the equatorial trough: The warm moist surface air rose because of both insolation and widespread convergence, resulting in numerous cumulonimbus clouds and widespread heavy showers. Then the pressure began falling slowly (for reasons never very well explained), the cumulo- nimbus clouds gradually coalesced, and if the equa- torial trough was sufficiently far from the equator for the Coriolis force to be effective, a cyclonic circulation was initiated. The development of the circulation con- tinued until full intensity was obtained by release of latent heat through condens
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