. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . ir own liigher grades candidates who hadstudied under their direction, by means of degrees, valid atfirst locally, but afterwards internationally. The full-blownteacher was a Master, J)octor, or Professor, and, when actually , teaoliing, a Regent ; the half-developed student, like the apprentice or the aspirant for knighthood, was known as aBachelor: undergraduates were Grammiu-ians, (Jeneral Sophists,and (
. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . ir own liigher grades candidates who hadstudied under their direction, by means of degrees, valid atfirst locally, but afterwards internationally. The full-blownteacher was a Master, J)octor, or Professor, and, when actually , teaoliing, a Regent ; the half-developed student, like the apprentice or the aspirant for knighthood, was known as aBachelor: undergraduates were Grammiu-ians, (Jeneral Sophists,and (j)uestionists. University buildings there were none tillthe old Congregation House was built in 1320; previously THE UXIVERSITIES. 87 1348] business was transacted in the adjacent chiircli of St. JIary,or in St. Mildreds; lectures and other forms of instructionwere given in large rooms called schools, mostly jjrivate ormonastic property. The masters of Oxford had no great difficulty in dispensing Auto-with the ordinary ecclesiastical superiors. They got rid of °™^the Archdeacon of Oxford in i;]46, and of their bishop aftera complicated quarrel in 1368. They were not too polite to. SKAL or THE rXIVKIlSITY OF OXFOED. the Papal legates, though the Popes were the greatest patronsof universities. To the local abbeys they were fairly court-eous. With the Dominicans, who settled in Oxford in 1221,and the Franciscans, who hurried after them in 1224, therelations were less harmonious; but the luiiversity availeditself of their excellent lecture-rooms and lectureis (doingAustins was a phrase for certain aeademical exercises threecenturies after the suppression of the Augustinian friary), andeventually battled their pretensions to be admitted to thetheological degrees without the preliminary arts course onwhich Oxford education has always been based. With the 88 THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE KINGDOM. (1274 Town and city of Oxford the struggle was more prolongerl, liufc thevictory even more
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