Illustration of the US theoretical physicist David Gross (born 1941). In 1973, along with his graduate student Franck Wilczek, Gross discovered asymptotic freedom in quarks. This involves particles becoming more weakly bonded at closer distances and higher temperatures. It is a feature of a theory called quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and applies to the nuclear interaction between particles called quarks and gluons. The phenomenon of asymptotic freedom was also independently described by H David Politzer. All three shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.

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Photo credit: © GARY BROWN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Alamy / Afripics
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