Elementary treatise on the finishing of white, dyed, and printed cotton goods . dle one isunder the direct influence of the top roller. Thisapparatus works with or without the friction wheel:generally without. The machine (fig. 9, page 98) is driven direct bysteam engine and can consequently be worked at diffe-rent speeds which cannot be obtained with theother machines although they are constructed onthe same principle. The only difference being, thatin this machine the middle roller is fixed and thepressure can be varied: lstly by giving the pres-sure from below, by means of levers acting ont
Elementary treatise on the finishing of white, dyed, and printed cotton goods . dle one isunder the direct influence of the top roller. Thisapparatus works with or without the friction wheel:generally without. The machine (fig. 9, page 98) is driven direct bysteam engine and can consequently be worked at diffe-rent speeds which cannot be obtained with theother machines although they are constructed onthe same principle. The only difference being, thatin this machine the middle roller is fixed and thepressure can be varied: lstly by giving the pres-sure from below, by means of levers acting onthe bottom roller: 2ndly by giving the pressurewith the screws acting on the top roller: 3rd]y bycausing the two pressures to act machine is also provided with gearing,fitted to the middle roller and which allows it to 7 98 FINISHING IN GENERAL. be worked by friction. These mangles aremodified by sometimes placing the metal rollerat the lower part of the machine, near thebottom of the trough. The friction takes placebetween the two wooden bowls; the bottom. Fig. 9. Sizing machine with three rollers, double pressure, and driven by steam. bowl of copper or metal is intended to preparefor the penetration of the paste into the cloth, andto thoroughly impregnate the latter with it. The special mangles for stiffening whitegoods are almost always by friction, so that the STARCHING AND DRYING. 99 pastes (generally weighted) penetrate the clothmore thoroughly. Starching machines are sometimes indepen-dent of the drying apparatuses so that, accordingto circumstances, the cloth can be starched bymachinery and then dried in a drying-room or oncylinders; but as it is generally a question ofquantities, the starch mangle is invariably com-bined with a drying machine. These combinationsare illustrated in the figures 11, 12, 13, 16. The different kinds of machines we havejust reveiwed are especially used for double-facedstarching, that is to say, where the paste may beapplied
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