. California fish and game. Fisheries -- California; Game and game-birds -- California; Fishes -- California; Animal Population Groups; Pêches; Gibier; Poissons. co.\ii'AKATi\i; (jsTi;uLO(;v oi' iii:Ki{i.\(i-LiKi; i'isuks CBS. Fig. 4. L'ircumurliital bones and upper j;tw of the shad, Alosa saijidisshiid, X8. the pores of the cireumorbital bones of the lateral line system. Other- wise the cireumorbital bones of the thread-herring are as in the herring. The fourth l)()ne of tlie series is notably longer and more slender in the herring than in the shad, and is relatively more slender tlian in the


. California fish and game. Fisheries -- California; Game and game-birds -- California; Fishes -- California; Animal Population Groups; Pêches; Gibier; Poissons. co.\ii'AKATi\i; (jsTi;uLO(;v oi' iii:Ki{i.\(i-LiKi; i'isuks CBS. Fig. 4. L'ircumurliital bones and upper j;tw of the shad, Alosa saijidisshiid, X8. the pores of the cireumorbital bones of the lateral line system. Other- wise the cireumorbital bones of the thread-herring are as in the herring. The fourth l)()ne of tlie series is notably longer and more slender in the herring than in the shad, and is relatively more slender tlian in the sardine. The fiftli bone of the series is the largest in all the Clupeidae. and its shape is diagnostic and constant in three of the genera under con- sideration. In the sardine the bone is broader than in the other genera, the anterior edge is slightly convex, and the bottom and posterior edges are eveidy rounded. In the shad the heme is narrower and deeper, coming to a point ventrally. The anterior edge is a little concave, and the posterior edge is nearly straight. In the herring and thread-herring the anterior edge of the bone is distinctly and typically concave so that it fits around the end of the upper jaw bones, and the ventral and pos- terior edges are rounded. In the sliad the sixth cireumorbital bone has a broad, pointed flange in the inner edge not found in the other genera, and the seventh bone is much .smaller in relation to the sixth than in the other genera. Upper Jaw The maxillary (Figs. 2. 3. and 4) bears a single row of tiny teetli, in all genera except the thread-herring, along the entire ventral edge of the bone behind the premaxillary. although in the sardine the teeth are so small as to be scarcely visible without magnification. Lower Jaw The mandible is high, especially in the thread-herring, and long. The anterior, biting, surface of the (lentai-y (Figs, o, 6, 7) is character- istically sloped in the different genera. The slope is steepest in


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