. The Locomotive . Fig. 3. — Rectangular Fig. 4. — Oval Bubble. The formula may be expressed in words as follows: First findthe difference (p^ — ,) between the pressure in the steam main 1919.] THE LOCOMOTIVE. 203 and that in the boiler before opening the valve, and multiply thisby the modulus of compressibility of water (C), which may betaken as equal to 300,000 lbs. per square inch. Then multiplyagain by the depth (/), in inches, of the steam inside of thebubble, measuring this depth in the direction in which collapsetakes place. Finally, divide the product so obtained by the thi
. The Locomotive . Fig. 3. — Rectangular Fig. 4. — Oval Bubble. The formula may be expressed in words as follows: First findthe difference (p^ — ,) between the pressure in the steam main 1919.] THE LOCOMOTIVE. 203 and that in the boiler before opening the valve, and multiply thisby the modulus of compressibility of water (C), which may betaken as equal to 300,000 lbs. per square inch. Then multiplyagain by the depth (/), in inches, of the steam inside of thebubble, measuring this depth in the direction in which collapsetakes place. Finally, divide the product so obtained by the thick-ness of the upper layer (/F) of the bubble, in inches, and take thesquare root of the quotient. The result will be the momentarypressure produced in the water by the collapse of the bubble. This rule, be it understood, cannot be used to determine any-thing but the general order of magnitude of the pressures producedby water-hammer. No rule could do more than this, however,when applied to a problem as indefinite as the one with which weare
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