. Electric railway journal . lyis 3§ in. less and at the same time a good contact surfaceis provided. It has greater clearance to earth andexcellent provision for mechanical attachments. Thecap is of light dimensions and the lugs are of thelatest design. A disadvantage is that insufficient protec-tion is provided against sleet and snow. In the designshown in Fig. 7 a special section is employed. Thespace occupied is large and the surface is exposed morethan is desirable. In this type also the insulator iscovered up, which is a most undesirable feature as itallows the accumulation and baking of
. Electric railway journal . lyis 3§ in. less and at the same time a good contact surfaceis provided. It has greater clearance to earth andexcellent provision for mechanical attachments. Thecap is of light dimensions and the lugs are of thelatest design. A disadvantage is that insufficient protec-tion is provided against sleet and snow. In the designshown in Fig. 7 a special section is employed. Thespace occupied is large and the surface is exposed morethan is desirable. In this type also the insulator iscovered up, which is a most undesirable feature as itallows the accumulation and baking of dirt which mightcause short-circuits. The types of construction shown in Figs. 8, 9, 10 and11 have been developed with especial reference to pro-viding an efficient protective covering against severeweather conditions and they also provide protectionagainst contact. That shown in Fig. 8 is the new,protected, over-running T-rail type used on the mainlines of the Philadelphia & Western Railway. The p /?- —-» p —8i~-. 1146 Electric Railway Journal Vol. 53, No. 24 clearance provided for this type of construction is wellwithin the clearance lines specified by the AmericanElectric Railway Association and the American Rail-way Association. The rail shown in Fig. 9 is that used by the Pennsyl-vania and Long Island Railroads. The cost of main-tenance with this has been found to be exceedingly lowand this type has the important virtues of havingsimple parts, providing flexibility and ease of main-tenance and installation. It can easily be repaired incases of derailment. All clearances conform with thestandard of the American Railway Association. Therail section used is extremely heavy, 150 lb. per special chemical composition is used which is low incarbon and other hardeners, and gives a resistivityabout eight times that of copper instead of about twelvetimes as is the case with the ordinary track rail. Thisheavy section was adopted on account of the very heavycurrents used
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