. The botanical class-book, and flora of Pennsylvania, designed for seminaries of learning and private classes. THALLOPHYTES. 85 268. The Order Musci (Mosses, Fig 131,) consist * of lowtufted plants, always with a stem and distinct (sessile) leaves,producing sporecases which mostly open by a terminal lid,and contain simple spores alone. 269. The Order HepaticjE (Liverworts, Fig. 132,) con-sists of frondose or Moss-like plants, of a loose cellular texture,usually procumbent, and emitting rootlets from beneath j thecalyptra not separating from the base, but usually rupturingat the apex; the caps
. The botanical class-book, and flora of Pennsylvania, designed for seminaries of learning and private classes. THALLOPHYTES. 85 268. The Order Musci (Mosses, Fig 131,) consist * of lowtufted plants, always with a stem and distinct (sessile) leaves,producing sporecases which mostly open by a terminal lid,and contain simple spores alone. 269. The Order HepaticjE (Liverworts, Fig. 132,) con-sists of frondose or Moss-like plants, of a loose cellular texture,usually procumbent, and emitting rootlets from beneath j thecalyptra not separating from the base, but usually rupturingat the apex; the capsule not opening by a lid, containingspores, usually mixed with elaters which consist of thin thread-like cells, containing one or two spiral fibres, uncoiling elasti-caliy at maturity. THALLOPHYTES. 270. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alone, or of con-geries of cells or even of separate cells, often vaguely combinedin a ihallusy never exhibiting a marked distinction into root,stem, and foliage, or into axis and leaves. Fructification ofthe most simple kinds consisting of sporules or sporidia. 132, Fig-. 13*. Fruit-stalk, with a portion of the foliage of Jungermannia, magnifiedto phow its entire celluar structure; a, one of the tubular spirally-marked c Usfrom the ; b, the spiral threads which result from .4* d sruptio^. ffte: IS?, a. a stone upon which a Lchen (Pormellia conp r.«aMa growing; &.Cladonaooccinnea, bearing its in founded red masses on the edges ofa raised cup. 271. The Order Lichenes (Lichens, Fig. 133,) form thehighest grade of this lower series. They consist of flat expan-sions, which are rather crustaceous than foliaceous, growingon the bark of trees, on the surface of rocks, and on theground, to which they cling by their lower surface. TheII 86 THALLOPHYTES. fructification is in cups, or shields (apothecia) resting onthe surface of the thallus, or more or less immersed in itssubstance; or else in powdery spots scattered over the su
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