Detail of the frontispiece from John Bulwer's Philocophus, published 1648, showing a deaf man listening to music by bone conduction through the teeth. John Bulwer (1606-1656) was an English physician and philosopher who wrote five works exploring the body and human communication, including Chirologia (1644) and Philocophus (1648). He was the first person in England to propose educating deaf people. The handshapes described in Chirologia are still used in British Sign Language.

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