. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. however, recognised him as their the eleventh century Europe was divided into a multitude of fiefs, eachhaving its own mode of life, its own laws, its own customs, and its ecclesias-tical or lay head, who was as independent as he well could be. Aroundthese, but under certain conditions of dependence and of subordination,was developed the much more numerous class of freedmen. Graduallymanual labour and the efforts of a growing intelligence led to the politicalexistence of the bourgeois, those wort
. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. however, recognised him as their the eleventh century Europe was divided into a multitude of fiefs, eachhaving its own mode of life, its own laws, its own customs, and its ecclesias-tical or lay head, who was as independent as he well could be. Aroundthese, but under certain conditions of dependence and of subordination,was developed the much more numerous class of freedmen. Graduallymanual labour and the efforts of a growing intelligence led to the politicalexistence of the bourgeois, those worthy representatives of the labouring,portion of society. The part which was taken by the latter was not alwaysof a passive character. As early as the year 987 the villains of Normandyrebelled and leagued themselves against their feudal lords, claiming the rightof fishing and of the chase, and the privilege of having an administration anda magistracy of their own; it was thus that the innate power of the peoplerevealed itself: the towns and the boroughs were peopled with inhabitants. Fig. 16.—-View of the Abbey of Saint-Germain des Pres, from the East, as it stood in 1361.—Fac-simile of an Engraving in the Histoire de Saint-Germain des Pres, by Dom Bouillard: infolio. A, Road leading to the River Seine ; B, St. Peters Chapel; C, the Close ; D, Road leading to the Pri5-aux Clercs;E, Place of the Breach; F, Ditch ; G, the Popes Gate; H, Cloister; I, Refectory; K, Dormitory; L, theChurch; M, Chapel of the Virgin; N, Road between the Dilch and the Pre-aux-Clercs ; O, space betweenthe Barrier to the Rue des Ciseaux; P, Great Gate of the Monastery ; Q,, Road to the River; R, Barrier closeto the Ditch; S, the Inn called the Chapeau Rouge ; T, the Pillory. 1 + FEUDALISM. who held their homes in tenure from the seigniors—who were the proprietorsof the soil—under certain servile obligations as to the payment of soon as the establishment of the hierarchy of fiefs had put an
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Keywords: ., booksubjectcostume, booksubjectmiddleages, booksubjectmilitaryar
