Iraq/Italy: Selling sugar. Illustration from Ibn Butlan's Taqwim al-sihha or 'Maintenance of Health', published in Italy as the Tacuinum Sanitatis, 14th century. The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on health and wellbeing, based on the Taqwim al‑sihha, an eleventh-century Arab medical treatise by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad. Ibn Butlân was a Christian physician born in Baghdad and who died in 1068. He set forth six elements necessary to maintain daily health.

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