. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Woodchuck; Mammals. Fig. 2-24. First caudal vertebra, caudal view. 1 spinous process, 2 caudal articular process, 3 transverse process, 4 vertebral foramen, 5 ventral hemal processes, 6 caudal ex- tremity, 7 cranial articular process. Caudal Vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae, ver- tebrae caudales (Fig. 2-24), of the tail may vary in number, but usually 19 are present. The first few are typical vertebrae, but gradually lose their fea- tures until only the bodies remain as rounded rods. 1—4Cd has ventral hemal processes, processus hem- alis. Apex Fig. 2-
. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Woodchuck; Mammals. Fig. 2-24. First caudal vertebra, caudal view. 1 spinous process, 2 caudal articular process, 3 transverse process, 4 vertebral foramen, 5 ventral hemal processes, 6 caudal ex- tremity, 7 cranial articular process. Caudal Vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae, ver- tebrae caudales (Fig. 2-24), of the tail may vary in number, but usually 19 are present. The first few are typical vertebrae, but gradually lose their fea- tures until only the bodies remain as rounded rods. 1—4Cd has ventral hemal processes, processus hem- alis. Apex Fig. 2-22. Sacrum, ventral view. 1 promontory, 2 trans- verse lines, 3 ventral sacral foramina. ramina, foramina sacralia dorsalia, on the dorsal surface, and ventral foramina, foramina sacralia ventralia, on the pelvic surface (Figs. 2-21 and 2- 22). The bodies of the sacral vertebrae fuse and form three transverse lines, lineae transversae (Figs. 2-22 and 2-23) on the ventral (pelvic) surface. The cranioventral edge of the first sacral vertebra forms the sacral promontory, promontorium, lies at the level of the acetabulum. STERNUM The sternum (Fig. 2-25) consists of six bony seg- ments or sternebrae that are joined by cartilage as synchondroses sternales. The first sternebra or ma- nubrium sterni, is the largest. It is rod-shaped with a laterally expanded cranial part for articulation with the clavicle and the first rib. The manubrium lacks a manubrial cartilage. Succeeding sternebrae are also rod shaped but get progressively shorter caudally. The last sternebra has a xiphoid process, processus xiphoideus, which bears an anchor- or paddle-shaped xiphoid cartilage, cartilago xiphoidea. The costal cartilages of the first seven ribs articulate with the sternum at the level of the intersternebral cartilages. Base. Fig. 2-23. Sacrum, left lateral view. 1 median sacral crest, 2 intermediate sacral crest, 3 ventral sacral foramen, 4 trans- verse line, 5 auricular face, 6 cranial articula
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