. Railroad construction, theory and practice; a text-book for the use of students in colleges and technical schools, and a hand-book for the use of engineers in field and office . depends only on the centralangle and is independent of theradius or degree of curve. 397. Effect of coning wheels are always set on theaxle so that there is some playor chance for lateral motion be-tween the wheel-flanges and therail. The treads of the wheel arealso coned. This coning and playof gauge are shown in an exagger-ated form in Fig. 180. When thewheels are on a tangent, although there will be occ
. Railroad construction, theory and practice; a text-book for the use of students in colleges and technical schools, and a hand-book for the use of engineers in field and office . depends only on the centralangle and is independent of theradius or degree of curve. 397. Effect of coning wheels are always set on theaxle so that there is some playor chance for lateral motion be-tween the wheel-flanges and therail. The treads of the wheel arealso coned. This coning and playof gauge are shown in an exagger-ated form in Fig. 180. When thewheels are on a tangent, although there will be occasional oscil-lations from side to side, the normal position will be the sym-metrical position in which the circles of tread hh are centrifugal force throv^s the wheel-flange against the rail,the circle of tread a is larger than 6, and much larger than c;therefore the wheels will tend to roll in a circle whose radiusequals the slant height of a cone whose elements would passthrough the unequal circles a and c. If this radius equaled theradius of the track, and if the axle were free to assume a radialposition, the wheels would roll freely on the rails without any. Fig. 180. § 398. ROLLING-STOCK. 429 slipping or flange pressure. Under such ideal conditions,coning would bo a valuable device, but it is impracticable tohave all axles radial, and the radius of curvature of the trackis an extremely variable quantity. It has been demonstratedthat with parallel axles the influence of coning diminishes asthe distance between the axle increases, and that the effect ispractica,lly inappreciable when the axles are spaced as they areon locomotives and car-trucks. The coning actuall}- used isvery slight (see Chapter XV, § 420) and has a different is so slight that even if the axles were radial it would onlyprevent the slipping on a very light curve—say a 1° curve. 398. Effect of flanging locomotive driving-wheels. If all thewheels of all locomotives were flanged it w
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